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1.1.4.2 Some States may not have an aviation manufacturing industry and, consequently, do not necessarily have in their airworthiness organization the engineering capability to perform type design review or technical validation of a foreign Type Certificate. States in this category should establish through, regulations or policy, the recognition and direct acceptance of the type certification already done by the State of Design. Alternatively, States may obtain the services of qualified persons or organizations on a temporary basis to allow the fulfilment of its responsibilities for type certification under Annex 8.
1.1.5 All Contracting States are encouraged to give maximum credit and recognition to the type certification already done by the State of Design, and avoid duplicate or redundant testing where practical and without prejudice to its own unique national requirements. The majority of airworthiness standards currently used by States with aviation manufacturing industries are already harmonized, and the remaining differences are either with the unique technical requirements, due to operational or environmental constraints, and/or interpretation of the same requirements. Although full harmonization of all airworthiness requirements is yet to come, the overall objective that all States should work towards is reducing the amount of work needed to accomplish the approval of an aircraft type design and, subsequently, the issuance of a Certificate of Airworthiness under Annex 8 by the State of Registry.
1.2 Application for a Type Certificate
1.2.1 General
A Type Certificate is normally issued for an aircraft, engine or propeller. The type certification process is initiated when an applicant submits a formal application to the ACD for the issuance of a Type Certificate for the applicant’s aeronautical product. The official acceptance of the application by the ACD may be subject to certain prerequisites or conditions of application. As an example, some States have a financial policy on recovering their costs for services rendered and, may require the applicant’s commitment to such policy before the ACD begins type certification. The application phase of any type certification activity normally involves exploratory discussions between the ACD and the applicant on various issues, the intent of which is to acquire as much understanding as possible on the type certification project. In many cases, an application is also made for concurrent certification by another State. Some of these aspects are discussed in the following paragraphs. Once the application is officially accepted by the ACD, the type certification process begins, usually involving the five (5) common key aspects of Section 1.3 of this Part
1.2.2   Applicant
1.2.2.1 An applicant for a Type Certificate can be an organization, an individual or, where allowed by a State, a representative for that organization or individual. Regardless, the applicant is, for purposes of type certification, the organization or individual that has responsibility for the type design of the aircraft, engine, or propeller and in whose name the Type Certificate will be issued. The applicant should have the technical capability, or have access to a technical capability, to establish and demonstrate compliance of the type design to the applicable airworthiness and environmental Standards. In cases of complex design and production of aeronautical products involving multi-national agreements, joint ventures, partnerships or similar collaboration, the applicant for a Type Certificate remains responsible overall for the type design of the aircraft, engine, or propeller that is under consideration for a Type Certificate.
1.2.2.2 Some States require an individual or organization to first demonstrate competency by formally obtaining accreditation or designation from their CAA as an approved design specialist (known in some States as an approved design organization or individual, or of an equivalent status). This technical capability can be a function of the extent and complexity of the aeronautical product being certified and, the nature of the substantiating data needed to establish and demonstrate compliance with the applicable airworthiness and environmental Standards. Type certification of an aircraft, engine or propeller should not be attempted unless the applicant has a sound knowledge of the design principles embodied in the aeronautical product being considered. 
　
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