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sulfuric acids. Guncotton is used in making the film base of nitrate dope.
G-unit. A measure of the force of gravity. One G-unit is the force acting on an object caused by the
gravitational pull of the earth. High-performance aircraft have an instrument called an accelerometer to
show the pilot the number of G-units acting on the aircraft during any flight maneuver.
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Gunk. The registered trade name of a type of liquid decarbonizer used to remove soft carbon deposits from
metal parts.
gusset. A small plate attached to two or more members of a truss structure to strengthen the truss.
gust (wind). A temporary increase in the speed of the wind. A gust lasts for a very short period of time, and
it is usually followed by a wind whose speed is lower than normal.
gust lock (aircraft control systems). A ground lock for aircraft controls, used to prevent the wind
damaging the control surfaces by knocking them against their stops. Gust locks may either be built-in
features of the control system or external locks that are slipped between the movable surface and the fixed
structure.
All gust locks are required to have some kind of warning device to indicate to the pilot that they
are installed or engaged.
gyro. See gyroscope.
gyrocompass. A form of navigation instrument that uses a gyroscope as a stable reference for a
direction-seeking pickup. The direction-seeking pickup of a gyrocompass lines up with the magnetic field
of the earth just as an ordinary magnetic compass, but the gyroscope keeps it from oscillating.
gyrodyne. 14 CFR Part 1: “A rotorcraft whose rotors are normally engine driven for takeoff, hovering,
and landing, and for forward flight through part of its speed range, and whose means of propulsion,
consisting usually of conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.”
gyro horizon (aircraft flight instrument). A gyroscopic flight instrument that gives the pilot an artificial
reference for the pitch and roll attitude of the aircraft. A gyroscope with an erection system that keeps it
perpendicular to the earth’s surface controls a bar that remains parallel with the horizon. By referring to this
instrument, the pilot can keep the aircraft level when the natural horizon is not visible.
gyroplane (type of aircraft). A type of rotorcraft whose main rotors are not connected to the engine except
for the initial spin-up. Aerodynamic forces cause the main rotor to spin during normal flight. An autogiro is
a form of gyroplane.
14 CFR Part 1: “A rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine driven, except for initial starting, but are
made to rotate by action of the air when the rotorcraft is moving; and whose means of propulsion,
consisting usually of conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.”
gyroscope. A rapidly spinning wheel with its weight concentrated about its rim.
Gyroscopes have two basic characteristics that make them useful: rigidity in space and precession.
Because of its rigidity in space, the spinning gyroscope does not tilt its axis of rotation as the earth rotates.
Precession is the characteristic that causes the gyroscope to react to an applied force at a point 90°
away from the point of application, in the direction of its rotation. Gyroscopes are used in both attitude and
rate indicating flight instruments. See rigidity in space and gyroscopic precession.
gyroscopic precession. A characteristic of a gyroscope that causes it to react to an applied force as though
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the force were applied at a point 90° in the direction of rotation, from the actual point of application.
Precession is the characteristic used in rate gyros. A rate gyro will precess, or lay over in its
gimbal, an amount proportional to the rate at which the gimbal is rotated. Rate gyros are the heart of turn
and slip indicators and turn coordinators. The rotor of a helicopter acts in much the same way as a
gyroscope and is affected by gyroscopic precession.
gyroscopic turn indicator. A rate-type flight instrument used to show the pilot the rate at which the
aircraft is rotating about its vertical axis. Both turn and slip indicators and turn coordinators are gyroscopic
turn indicators.
H
HAA (height above airport) (air traffic control). The height of the minimum descent altitude above the
published airport elevation. HAA is published in conjunction with circling minimums.
hacksaw. A hand-held saw using a narrow, fine-tooth, replaceable blade, held under tension in a metal
frame. Hacksaw blades used for cutting metal and other hard materials are designed to cut only on the
　
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