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beyond safe limits, after the ignition source is removed.”
flame spraying. A process in which molten metal is deposited on a surface. A wire of the metal to be
deposited is fed into an oxy-acetylene flame and melted. The molten metal is blown by a stream of
high-pressure air onto the surface to be coated.
Pure aluminum can be sprayed onto steel to prevent corrosion, and metal can be sprayed onto an
insulating material to make the surface electrically conductive.
flame tubes (turbine engine component). Small-diameter metal tubes that connect can-type combustors to
carry the ignition flame to all of the combustion chambers.
flammable. Easily ignited. Flammable replaces the older term inflammable which can be misinterpreted to
mean not flammable. 14 CFR Part 1: “With respect to a fluid or gas, means susceptible to igniting readily
or to exploding.”
flammable liquid. A liquid that gives off combustible vapors (vapors that are easily ignited). Gasoline is
an example of a flammable liquid.
flange. A ridge that protrudes from a device and is used for attaching something to the device, or for
connecting two objects together. The propeller shaft of most modern aircraft engines is fitted with a flange
on which the propeller mounts.
The end of the propeller shaft is formed into a flat plate (the flange) whose face is perpendicular
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the propeller shaft. The propeller is held on this flange with high-strength steel bolts.
flap (helicopter rotor blade movement). Up-and-down movement of the tip of a helicopter rotor blade.
flaperon (aircraft control). Controls used on some swept wing airplanes that serve as both ailerons and
wing flaps. The flaperons on both wings can be lowered together to increase the lift and drag of the wings.
This is the flap function. The flaperons can also be moved differentially: one moves up, while the other
moves down. This is the aileron function.
flap extended speed. 14 CFR Part 1: “The highest speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed
extended position.”
flap overload valve. A valve in the flap system of an airplane that prevents the flaps being lowered at an
airspeed which could cause structural damage. If the pilot tries to extend the flaps when the airspeed is too
high, the opposition caused by the airflow will open the overload valve and return the fluid to the reservoir.
flapper valve. A form of hinged check valve that allows fluid to flow through it in one direction only.
Fluid can flow in the direction which forces the valve off its seat, but it cannot flow in the direction which
forces the flapper against its seat.
flapping (helicopter rotor blade). The vertical movement of a helicopter rotor blade about its delta, or
flapping, hinge.
flapping hinge (helicopter rotor). The hinge with its axis parallel to the rotor plane of rotation.
The flapping hinge permits the rotor blades to flap up or down to equalize the lift, or rotor thrust,
between the advancing-blade half and the retreating-blade half of the rotor disk.
flaps (airplane control surfaces). Auxiliary controls built into the wings of an airplane. Flaps can be
extended, or lowered, to change the airfoil shape of the wing to increase both its lift and drag. When the
flaps are fully extended, the drag is increased so the airplane can descend at a steep angle without building
up excessive airspeed.
Partially lowering the flaps increases the lift so the airplane can fly at a slower airspeed. See plain
flap, split flap, slotted flap, Fowler flap, and triple-slotted flap.
flare (aircraft flight maneuver). The last flight maneuver made by an airplane in a successful landing.
The airplane is slowed down in preparation for landing, and it descends along a gradually sloping flight
path that brings it to the end of the runway. When the airplane is over the end of the runway, just a few feet
above the surface, the pilot flares by gently pulling back on the control wheel.
Flaring increases the angle of attack and allows the airplane to settle onto the runway with the
slowest forward speed and the least vertical speed. Flaring is sometimes called rounding out.
flare (aircraft safety equipment). A safety device that was at one time carried in most airplanes that flew
at night. A flare is a magnesium candle supported by a small parachute.
If it was necessary for an airplane to make an emergency landing at night, the pilot released a flare,
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and as it left the airplane, it automatically ignited. The burning magnesium made a bright light that allowed
the pilot to see the ground and make a reasonably safe landing. The parachute lowered the flare slowly
　
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