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between the volume, the absolute pressure, and absolute temperature of a gas. The general gas law is
expressed in a formula as:
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P1 = initial absolute pressure
P2 = final absolute pressure
V1 = initial volume
V2 = final volume
T1 = initial absolute temperature
T2 = final absolute temperature
generator (electrical machine). A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by
rotating coils of wire through a magnetic field. As the conductors in the coils cut across the lines of
magnetic flux, a voltage is generated that causes current to flow.
generator field (A-circuit). A generator circuit in which the voltage regulator is installed between the
shunt field and ground.
generator field (B-circuit). A generator circuit in which the voltage regulator is installed between the
shunt field and the armature.
generator series field. A set of heavy field windings in a generator connected in series with the armature.
The magnetic field produced by the series windings is used to change the characteristics of the generator.
generator shunt field. A set of field windings in a generator connected in parallel with the armature.
Varying the amount of current flowing in the shunt field windings controls the voltage output of the
generator.
geodetic construction (aircraft structure). A form of stressed skin construction in which the stresses are
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carried in a portion of the structure made up of strips of metal or wood that cross to form a diamond-shaped
lattice. Geodetic structure was used for aircraft construction in the past, but has been replaced to a great
extent by monocoque structure, which is similar to geodetic except it uses solid sheets of thin metal, rather
than the lattice structure.
GEO map (air traffic control). The digitized map markings associated with the ASR-9 radar system.
geometric pitch (aircraft propeller specification). The distance a propeller would advance in one
revolution if it were turning in a solid. The geometric pitch of a propeller does not take slip into
consideration.
geopotential of the tropopause. The point in the standard atmosphere where the temperature stops
dropping and becomes constant. This is the tropopause, or the dividing line between the troposphere and
the stratosphere.
germanium. A brittle, crystalline, gray-white, metallic chemical element. Germanium’s symbol is Ge, its
atomic number is 32, and its atomic weight is 72.59. Germanium is in the same chemical family as carbon,
silicon, tin, and lead, and is obtained from the residue left when lead and zinc are refined electrolytically.
Germanium is widely used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices.
German silver. An alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel. German silver is also called nickel silver.
gerotor pump (fluid pump). A form of constant displacement gear pump that uses an external-tooth drive
gear that meshes with and drives an internal-tooth gear that has one more space for a tooth than there are
teeth on the drive gear. Both gears turn inside a close-tolerance housing.
As the gears rotate, fluid flows between the teeth that are beginning to unmesh, and the fluid is
carried around the pump as this space continues to open up. On the discharge side of the pump, the teeth
begin to mesh, and as the space between the teeth becomes smaller, fluid is forced out of the pump.
getter. A small piece of alkaline metal placed inside an electron tube (vacuum tube) when it is
manufactured. When the tube is completed and the air evacuated from it, current is passed through the
getter which raises its temperature enough to melt it, causing it to react with any oxygen left inside the tube.
The silvery deposit often seen inside the glass tube envelope is the residue from the getter.
GHz (gigahertz). One billion (1,000,000,000) cycles per second.
giga. The metric prefix that means billion.
gilbert. A unit of magnetomotive force. One gilbert is equal to the force produced by an electromagnet of
0.7957 ampere-turn. The constant 0.7957 is found by dividing 10 by 4 π.
gill-type cowl flap (reciprocating engine cowling component). A small flap located at the rear of the
cowling for a reciprocating engine. Opening the cowl flap increases the amount of cooling air flowing
through the engine by decreasing the pressure at the point the air leaves the engine compartment.
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gimbal. A type of support that allows an object, such as a gyroscope, to remain in an upright condition
　
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