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The ignition systems used on almost all aircraft reciprocating engines are electrically shielded by
enclosing the entire system in a conductive covering that is electrically grounded to the engine.
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electrical short (electrical system fault). An unwanted connection that provides a low-resistance path
across an electrical circuit. Electrons flow through the short to ground without passing through the load.
electrical steel. An alloy of low-carbon steel that contains up to about 5% silicon. Electrical steel in the
form of thin laminations is used for the cores of transformers and armatures of electrical motors and
generators.
electrical strain gage. A device used to measure the amount of physical strain (deformation caused by a
stress) in a piece of material. A strain gage is made of very fine wire mounted between two pieces of tissue
paper, about the size of a postage stamp. The strain gage is bonded (glued) to the material in which the
strain is to be measured, and the two ends of the wire are connected into a sensitive resistance-measuring
bridge circuit.
When the material on which the strain gage is mounted is under a tensile stress, the wire in the
strain gage stretches — it becomes longer and thinner, and its resistance increases. When the material is
under a compressive stress, the wire becomes shorter and larger in diameter, and its resistance decreases.
The change in resistance is proportional to the amount of strain in the material, and the amount of
strain is proportional to the amount of stress causing it.
electrical strength. The maximum amount of electrical pressure (voltage) that can be placed across an
insulator before it breaks down and allows electrons to flow through it.
electrical symbols. Standardized graphic symbols that have been agreed upon as representing various
components in electrical schematic diagrams.
electrical zero (synchro system). A specific position of the rotor inside the stator of a synchro (a remotely
controlled position indicating system). Electrical zero is used as a reference position for meshing gears and
installing indicator pointers.
electric drill motor. A series-wound, alternating-current motor used to drive a chuck which holds a twist
drill. The motor is geared down so that it furnishes a high torque to the chuck.
electric inertia starter (reciprocating engine starter). A type of starter for large aircraft reciprocating
engines. A series-wound electric motor spins a heavy flywheel to store energy. When the flywheel is
spinning at a high speed, the motor is disconnected, and the flywheel is connected to the engine crankshaft
through a series of reduction gears and a slip clutch.
electricity. A force caused by electrons moving from one atom to another. A deficiency of electrons is
called a positive charge, and an excess of electrons is called a negative charge. The difference in electrical
charges causes electrical pressure. When electrical pressure forces electrons to move in a conductor, heat is
produced, and a magnetic field surrounds the conductor.
electroacoustic transducer. A device that changes either variations in sound pressure into variations of
electrical pressure (voltage), or variations in voltage into variations of sound pressure. Microphones and
speakers are both examples of electroacoustic transducers.
electrochemical series. A list of metals arranged according to their electrode potential. Metals highest in
the list give up electrons to all metals below them. When corrosion occurs, the metal highest in the series
will be the one that is corroded, or eaten away.
The electrochemical series is also known as the electromotive series.
1. Magnesium
2. Zinc
3. Cadmium
4. 7075-T6 aluminum alloy
5. 2024-T3 aluminum alloy
6. Mild steel
7. Lead
8. Tin
9. Copper
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10. Stainless steel
11. Silver
12. Nickel
13. Chromium
14. Gold
electrochemistry. The aspects of chemistry that deal with electron potentials within the different chemical
elements.
electrode. A conductor, or part of an electrical component through which electrons flow to or from an
external circuit. The carbon rod and zinc can are electrodes in a carbon-zinc battery. The emitter, base, and
collector are the electrodes in a bipolar transistor.
electrode potential. A voltage existing within an alloy of metals or in any type of electrochemical cell. The
electrode potential is caused by chemical differences of the materials involved, and it causes electrons to
flow within the material any time there is a conductive path between the different materials.
　
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