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which the end of a tube, whose inside diameter is the same as the outside diameter of the tube being spliced,
is cut in the shape of a V, or fishmouth, and is slipped over the smaller tube and welded.
A fishmouth splice has more weld area than a butt splice, and it allows the stresses from one tube
to transfer gradually into the other tube.
fission. See nuclear fission.
fishtail (aircraft flight maneuver). A method of decreasing the speed of an airplane during its approach
for landing. Airplanes without flaps can be slowed down and kept on a relatively straight flight path by
alternately skidding the airplane to the left and then to the right, by using the rudder while keeping the
wings level with the control stick or wheel. Side and forward slips are used more often than fishtailing for
slowing an airplane.
fitting. An attachment device that is used to connect components to an aircraft structure.
five-hour rating (battery capacity rating). The ampere-hour rating of a battery when current is taken
from it at a rate that will discharge it in five hours. A 20-ampere-hour battery will supply four amps of
current for five hours, but if it is discharged at a higher rate, its ampere-hour capacity will be less. The
five-hour rating is the rating most generally used for aircraft storage batteries.
five-minute rating (battery capacity rating). The ampere-hour rating of a battery when current is taken
from it at such a high rate that the battery will be discharged in five minutes. The high current drawn from a
battery causes the ampere-hour capacity to be much less at its five-minute rating than it is at its five-hour
rating. The five-minute rating gives an indication of the way the battery will respond under the load placed
on it by the engine starter.
fix (aircraft navigation). A geographical position determined by visual references to the surface, by
reference to one or more radio navaids, by celestial plotting, or by other navigational methods.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 249
fix balancing (air traffic control). A process whereby aircraft are evenly distributed over several available
arrival fixes. Fix balancing reduces delays and controller workload.
fixed fire-extinguishing system. A fire-extinguishing system installed in an aircraft.
fixed landing gear (aircraft landing gear). A nonretractable landing gear. A fixed landing gear cannot be
retracted into the aircraft structure to decrease the wind resistance.
fixed-pitch propeller (aircraft propeller). A type of propeller used on aircraft when low cost and
simplicity are more important than efficient performance.
The blades of a fixed-pitch propeller are set at one pitch angle which cannot be changed.
Up through World War II, most fixed-pitch propellers were made of laminated birch, but since
that time, most have been made of forged aluminum alloy.
The pitch angle of a fixed-pitch propeller is a compromise between that which allows the engine
to turn fast enough to produce the maximum horsepower for takeoff, and that which moves the aircraft
through the air a maximum distance for each revolution, giving the best fuel economy and speed.
fixed-wing aircraft. An airplane or glider whose wing is rigidly attached to the structure. The term
fixed-wing is used to distinguish these aircraft from rotary-wing aircraft, such as helicopters and autogiros.
flag alarm (instrument warning device). A warning device incorporated in certain airborne navigation
and flight instruments indicating that instruments are inoperative or otherwise not operating satisfactorily,
or that signal strength or quality of the received signal falls below acceptable values.
flameout (gas turbine engine operation). A condition in the operation of a gas turbine engine in which
the fire in the engine unintentionally goes out.
If too much fuel is sprayed into the combustors, the fire will go out, and this is called a rich
flameout. If there is too little fuel, the fire will go out, and this is called a lean flameout.
flameout pattern (air traffic control). An approach normally conducted by a single-engine military
aircraft experiencing loss or anticipated loss of engine power or control. The standard overhead approach
starts at a relatively high altitude over a runway (high key) followed by a continuous 180° turn to a high,
wide position (low key), followed by a continuous 180° turn to final. The standard straight-in pattern starts
at a point that results in a straight-in approach with a high rate of descent to the runway.
Flameout approaches terminate in the type of approach requested by the pilot (normally full stop).
flame resistant. 14 CFR Part 1: “Not susceptible to combustion to the point of propagating a flame,
　
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