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the structure, having regard to the reasonable expected load
magnitudes and frequencies under the anticipated operating
conditions and inspection procedures. For some parts of the
structure, it might be necessary to establish 'ffail safe"
characteristics as well as "safe lives".
Note 2.- Guidance material concerning the expression
"extremely remote" is contained in the Airworthiness Manual
(Doc 9760).
CHAPTER 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
4.1 General
Details of design and construction shall be such as to give
reasonable assurance that all helicopter parts will function
effectively and reliably in the anticipated operating conditions.
They shall be based upon practices that experience has proven
to be satisfactory or that are substantiated by special tests or by
other appropriate investigations or both. They shall also
consider Human Factors principles.
Note.- Guidance material on Human Factors principles
can be found in the Human Factors Training Manual
(Doc 9683).
4.1.1 Substantiating tests
The functioning of all moving parts essential to the safe
operation of the helicopter shall be demonstrated by suitable
tests in order to ensure that they will function correctly under
all operating conditions for such parts.
4.1.2 Materials
All materials used in parts of the helicopter essential for its
safe operation shall conform to approved specifications. The
approved specifications shall be such that materials accepted
as complying with the specifications will have the essential
properties assumed in the design.
4.1.3 Manufacturing methods
The methods of manufacturing and assembly shall be such as
to produce a consistently sound structure which shall be
reliable with respect to maintenance of strength in service.
4.1.4 Protection
The structure shall be protected against deterioration or loss of
strength in service due to weathering, corrosion, abrasion or
other causes, which could pass unnoticed, taking into account
the maintenance the helicopter will receive.
4.1.5 Inspection provisions
Adequate provision shall be made to permit any necessary
examination, replacement or reconditioning of parts of the
helicopter that require such attention, either periodically or
after unusually severe operations.
4.1.6 Systems design features
Special consideration shall be given to design features that
affect the ability of the flight crew to maintain controlled
flight. This shall include at least the following:
a) Controls and control systems. The design of the controls
and control systems shall be such as to minimize the
possibility of jamming, inadvertent operations, and
unintentional engagement of control surface locking
devices.
i) Each control and control system shall operate with
the ease, smoothness and effectiveness appropriate to
its function.
ii) Each element of each flight control system shall be
designed to minimize the probability of any incorrect
assembly that could result in the malfunction of the
system.
b) Crew environment. The design of the flight crew compartment
shall be such as to minimize the possibility of
incorrect or restricted operation of the controls by the
crew, due to fatigue, confusion or interference. Consideration
shall be given at least to the following: layout
and identification of controls and instruments, rapid
identification of emergency situations, sense of controls,
ventilation, heating and noise.
c) Pilot vision. The arrangement of the pilot compartment
shall be such as to afford a sufficiently extensive, clear
and undistorted field of vision for the safe operation of
the helicopter, and to prevent glare and reflections that
would interfere with the pilot's vision. The design
features of the pilot windshield shall permit, under precipitation
conditions, sufficient vision for the normal
conduct of flight and for the execution of approaches
and landings.
d) Provision for emergencies. Means shall be provided
which shall either automatically prevent, or enable the
flight crew to deal with, emergencies resulting from
foreseeable failures of equipment and systems, the
failure of which would endanger the helicopter. Reasonable
provisions shall be made for continuation of
ANNEX 8 IVA-4-1 13/12/07
Annex 8 -Airworthiness of Aircraft Part ZVA
essential services following power-unit or systems'
failures to the extent that such failures are catered for in
the performance and operating limitations specified in
the Standards in this Annex and in Annex 6, Part 111.
e) Fire precautions. The design of the helicopter and the
　
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