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The parts of air traffic control service described in 2.3.1 shall
be provided by the various units as follows:
a) Area control service:
1) by an area control centre; or
2) by the unit providing approach control service in a
control zone or in a control area of limited extent
which is designated primarily for the provision of
approach control service and where no area control
centre is established.
b) Approach control service:
1) by an aerodrome control tower or area control centre
when it is necessary or desirable to combine under
the responsibility of one unit the functions of the
approach control service with those of the aerodrome
control service or the area control service;
2) by an approach control unit when it is necessary or
desirable to establish a separate unit.
c) Aerodrome control service: by an aerodrome control
tower.
Note.— The task of providing specified services on the
apron, e.g. apron management service, may be assigned to an
aerodrome control tower or to a separate unit.
3.3 Operation of air traffic control service
3.3.1 In order to provide air traffic control service, an air
traffic control unit shall:
a) be provided with information on the intended movement
of each aircraft, or variations therefrom, and with
current information on the actual progress of each
aircraft;
b) determine from the information received, the relative
positions of known aircraft to each other;
c) issue clearances and information for the purpose of
preventing collision between aircraft under its control and
of expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of traffic;
d) coordinate clearances as necessary with other units:
1) whenever an aircraft might otherwise conflict with
traffic operated under the control of such other units;
2) before transferring control of an aircraft to such other
units.
3.3.2 Information on aircraft movements, together with a
record of air traffic control clearances issued to such aircraft,
shall be so displayed as to permit ready analysis in order to
maintain an efficient flow of air traffic with adequate
separation between aircraft.
3.3.3 Recommendation.— Air traffic control units
should be equipped with devices that record background communication
and the aural environment at air traffic controller
work stations, capable of retaining the information recorded
during at least the last twenty-four hours of operation.
Note.— Provisions related to the non-disclosure of recordings
and transcripts of recordings from air traffic control units
are contained in Annex 13, 5.12.
3.3.4 Clearances issued by air traffic control units shall
provide separation:
a) between all flights in airspace Classes A and B;
b) between IFR flights in airspace Classes C, D and E;
c) between IFR flights and VFR flights in airspace Class C;
d) between IFR flights and special VFR flights;
e) between special VFR flights when so prescribed by the
appropriate ATS authority,
except that, when requested by an aircraft and if so prescribed
by the appropriate ATS authority for the cases listed under b)
Annex 11 — Air Traffic Services Chapter 3
12/31/111//0016 3-2
No. 44
above in airspace Classes D and E, a flight may be cleared
without separation being so provided in respect of a specific
portion of the flight conducted in visual meteorological
conditions.
3.3.5 Separation by an air traffic control unit shall be
obtained by at least one of the following:
a) vertical separation, obtained by assigning different levels
selected from:
1) the appropriate table of cruising levels in Appendix 3
of Annex 2, or
2) a modified table of cruising levels, when so prescribed
in accordance with Appendix 3 of Annex 2
for flight above FL 410,
except that the correlation of levels to track as prescribed
therein shall not apply whenever otherwise indicated in
appropriate aeronautical information publications or air
traffic control clearances;
b) horizontal separation, obtained by providing:
1) longitudinal separation, by maintaining an interval
between aircraft operating along the same, converging
or reciprocal tracks, expressed in time or distance; or
2) lateral separation, by maintaining aircraft on different
routes or in different geographical areas;
c) composite separation, consisting of a combination of
vertical separation and one of the other forms of separation
contained in b) above, using minima for each
which may be lower than, but not less than half of, those
used for each of the combined elements when applied
　
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