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weather forecasts), a wide application of
approach/departure sequencing tools, and
increased involvement of the cockpit in
managing the arrival/departure sequence.
Related Initiative(s):
The NEAN Update Programme (NUP) and the
EUROCONTROL CTA/ATC integration
studies (CASSIS) focus on optimising the
arrival phase of flights into airports by using
data from the Flight Management System
(FMS) of the aircraft involved to support
selected ground based and airborne applications
(A-CDM, AMAN/DMAN, etc.). This is
expected to be a key enabler for performing
more advanced facilitation of CDO (also
known as “the green approach) in periods of
high traffic as demonstrated at Sweden's largest
airport Stockholm/Arlanda by the Swedish Air
Navigation Service Provider, LFV, together
with SAS. A similar concept of “tailored
arrival” is taking place at Los Angeles and San
Francisco for some arrivals.
7.4 Reducing aviation’s environmental impact at/around airports
7.4.1 Noise and local air quality are the most important local factors from an environmental
point of view for local communities and airports alike and in the recent years a number of
EC directives addressing noise and local air quality have been adopted.
7.4.2 Establishing environmental restrictions at airports can have an impact on aircraft mix
(engine types, etc.) and trajectories (route design) in the vicinity of the airport.
Environmental restrictions can however also lead to capacity constraints at that airport
and hence lead to congestion. Environmental restrictions may also influence each other,
e.g. affecting the flight path to minimise noise exposure on the ground could lead to
reduced flight efficiency and thus increased emissions.
LOCAL AIR QUALITY (LAQ)
7.4.3 Local air quality LAQ is concerned with potential health effects of air pollution. Aircraft,
road vehicles and other sources such as power plants at and around airports emit a number
of pollutants, particularly Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and fine particles (PM10) which
impact on human health. From a local air quality point of view, NOx is generally
considered to be the most significant pollutant.
7.4.4 While there is no specific EC legislation in
relation to aviation, the EC Directive
2008/50/EC [Ref. 30] on ambient air quality
and cleaner air for Europe sets clear standards
and requires Member States to stay within set
limits for these pollutants.
7.4.5 The direct impact of aviation on LAQ is
primarily related to emissions from aircraft
below 1000 ft depending on the weather.
ICAO established as standard Landing/Takeoff
cycle for operations up to 3000 ft.
Related Initiative(s):
The EUROCONTROL Airport Local Air
Quality Studies (ALAQS) aim at promoting
best practice methods for airport LAQ analysis
concerning issues such as emissions inventory,
dispersion, and the data required for the
calculations. However, the area remains quite
complex, particularly with a view to assessing
ANS contribution.
Under the ICAO technical design standard
(CAEP/4) which is effective as of January
2004, new aircraft engines must meet specified
levels of NOx emissions, depending on their
power output.
7.4.6 Figure 99 shows the contribution of various areas to local air quality at Manchester
airport. With the exception of fine particles (PM10), aircraft account for the main share of
the emissions.
PRR 2009 83 Chapter 7: Environment
Figure 99: Contribution to Local Air Quality at Manchester airport
7.4.7 Aviation related local initiatives aimed at the improvement of LAQ include:
 airport charges based on the amount of NOx created during take-off and landing to
encourage airlines to use lower emission engines. To this end, some airports such as
London Heathrow (LHR) track the share of aircraft compliant with the ICAO
CAEP/4 standard;
 the reduction of emissions from Auxiliary Power Units (APU) through increased use
of fixed electrical ground power (FEGP) when the aircraft is at the stand, and;
 the improvement of the taxi efficiency through the introduction of “Collaborative
Decision Making (CDM).
7.4.8 Although NOx emissions depend on many factors, the impact of ANS on LAQ is
predominantly related to additional fuel burn due to inefficiencies in the taxi phase
Chapter 6. Those ANS related inefficiencies have also an impact on global climate from
CO2 emissions.
AIRCRAFT NOISE
7.4.9 Noise from air transport operations is mainly a local issue which can have a negative
impact on society. In order to reduce the negative impact, there are a number of
　
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本文鏈接地址：Performance Review Report 2009(61)