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life time of aircraft is typically 30 years, which makes the uptake of more efficient technologies generally faster
on the ground.
PRR 2009 74 Chapter 7: Environment
2009), ICAO committed at its High-level Meeting on International Aviation and Climate
Change (October, 2009) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from aviation through
improved fuel efficiency, market-based measures, and use of low carbon fuels.
Additionally, ICAO declared that Member States should work together to achieve a
global annual average fuel efficiency improvement of 2% until 2020.
7.2.10 ICAO will consider the possibility of more ambitious goals, including carbon neutral
growth and emissions reductions, by its next assembly in the third quarter of 2010, and
will establish a process to develop a framework for economic measures.
7.2.11 The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has outlined a proposal under which
airlines will halve emissions by 2050 (compared to 2005 levels), set a target of improving
fuel efficiency by 1.5%28 annually in the run-up to 2020 and, from then on, stabilise
emissions through carbon-neutral growth.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY - EUROPEAN CONTEXT
7.2.12 According to the “Climate action and renewable energy package”, the EU is committed to
reducing its overall emissions to at least 20% below 1990 levels by 2020.
7.2.13 The two most relevant policy measures with regard to reducing the aviation related
impact on the environment are the EU Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) and the Single
European Sky (SES).
7.2.14 While the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU/ETS)
aims at reducing overall Emissions in Europe, the EC
has now introduced legislation to include aviation in
the EU/ETS from 2012 in order to mitigate the impact
of aviation on climate.
7.2.15 The European Directive 2008/101/EC [Ref. 27]
amending Directive 2003/87/EC [Ref. 28] entered into
force on 2 February 2009.
7.2.16 This will make aviation the first and so far the only
mode of transport to be included in the ETS and will
require the aviation sector to realise GHG emissions
reductions, by either decreasing their own emissions
or buying allowances on the market. For the first
trading period in 2012, the CO2 allowance is set to
97% of average aviation emissions during the years
2004–2006. For the second trading period (2013-
2020), the limit will be set to 95% of the baseline
ETS Main dates:
31st August, 2009: Deadline for the
submission of monitoring plans (both
for emissions and activity)
31st December 2009: Approval limit
of monitoring plans by the regulatory
authority,
1st January 2010: Beginning of the
emissions and activity data monitoring
31st March 2011: Deadline to submit
emissions and activity reports and to
ask for free allowances (associated to
the activity report submission)
2012: First trading period of one year
2013-2020: Second trading period
7.2.17 The main share of the aviation allowances (85%) will be allocated freely to aircraft
operators according to the tonne kilometres flown in 2010. The remaining 15% will be
put up for auction.
28 Previously, the target was 1% and the 1.5% target assumes optimum innovation circumstances to meet the target.
PRR 2009 75 Chapter 7: Environment
7.2.18 The EU/ETS applies to all IFR
flights (with MTOW bigger than
5,7t) to/from a Member State of the
European Union.
7.2.19 Figure 85 highlights differences in
the scope between the EU/ETS
which applies to all flights from/to
European airports and the scope of
analysis in this report which focuses
only on the part flown within the
EUROCONTROL airspace.
Figure 85: Aviation emissions in ETS (2009)
7.2.20 In addition to the EU/ETS, the Single European Sky (SES) performance scheme and the
subsequent target setting are expected to further drive fuel efficiency improvements with
resulting positive effects for the environment. In order to ensure a smooth and effective
implementation it is important that the necessary regulatory competence in the
environmental field is put in place before the start of the first reference period in 2012.
POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENT FROM MULTI-MODAL SHIFT
7.2.21 Rail and other forms of transport are often suggested as more environmentally-friendly
substitutes for air travel. Figure 86 shows the proportions of flights and corresponding
fuel burn for flights departing from Europe29, broken down by flight time (entire flight).
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
<=60 min. 61-120
min.
121-180
min.
> 3hrs
Flight duration in hours
　
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本文鏈接地址：Performance Review Report 2009(56)