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b)Outbound Leg timing begins over/abeam the
fix, whichever occurs later. If the abeam position
cannot be determined, start timing when turn to
outbound is completed.
1.3.2.4Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)/
GPS Along−Track Distance (ATD).DME/GPS
holding is subject to the same entry and holding
procedures except that distances (nautical miles) are
used in lieu of time values. The outbound course of
the DME/GPS holding pattern is called the outbound
leg of the pattern. The controller or the instrument
approach procedure chart will specify the length of
the outbound leg. The end of the outbound leg is
determined by the DME or ATD readout. The holding
fix on conventional procedures, or controller defined
holding based on a conventional navigation aid with
DME, is a specified course or radial and distances are
from the DME station for both the inbound and
outbound ends of the holding pattern. When flying
published GPS overlay or stand alone procedures
with distance specified, the holding fix will be a
waypoint in the database and the end of the outbound
leg will be determined by the ATD. Some GPS
overlay and early stand alone procedures may have
timing specified. (See FIG ENR 1.5−4,
FIG ENR 1.5−5 and FIG ENR 1.5−6.) See ENR 4.1,
paragraph18, Global Positioning System (GPS), for
requirements and restriction on using GPS for IFR
operations.
AIP ENR 1.5−5
United States of America 15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
1.3.2.5Pilot Action
a)Start speed reduction when 3 minutes or less
from the holding fix. Cross the holding fix, initially,
at or below the maximum holding airspeed.
b)Make all turns during entry and while holding
at:
1)3 degrees per second.
2)30 degree bank angle.
3)25 degree bank angle provided a flight
director system is used.
NOTE−
Use whichever requires the least bank angle.
FIG ENR 1.5−4
Inbound Toward NAVAID
NOTE−
When the inbound course is toward the NAVAID, the fix distance is 10 NM, and the leg length is 5 NM, then the end of the
outbound leg will be reached when the DME/ATD reads 15 NM.
FIG ENR 1.5−5
Inbound Leg Away from NAVAID
NOTE−
When the inbound course is away from the NAVAID and the fix distance is 28 NM, and the leg length is 8 NM, then the end
of the outbound leg will be reached when the DME/ATD reads 20 NM.
FIG ENR 1.5−6
GPS/RNAV Holding
NOTE−
The inbound course is always toward the waypoint and the ATD is zero at the waypoint. The end of the outbound leg of the
holding pattern is reached when the ATD reads the specified distance.
ENR 1.5−6 AIP
15 MAR 07 United States of America
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
c)Compensate for wind effect primarily by drift
correction on the inbound and outbound legs. When
outbound, triple the inbound drift correction to avoid
major turning adjustments; e.g., if correcting left by
8 degrees when inbound, correct right by 24 degrees
when outbound.
d)Determine entry turn from aircraft heading
upon arrival at the holding fix. Plus or minus 5° in
heading is considered to be within allowable good
operating limits for determining entry.
e)Advise ATC immediately what increased
airspeed is necessary, if any, due to turbulence, icing,
etc., or if unable to accomplish any part of the holding
procedures. After such higher speeds are no longer
necessary, operate according to the appropriate
published holding speed and notify ATC.
NOTE−
Airspace protection for holding in turbulent air is based on
a maximum of 280 KIAS or Mach 0.8, whichever is lower.
Considerable impact on traffic flow will result when
turbulent air holding patterns are used; thus, pilot
discretion will ensure their use is limited to bona fide
conditions/requirements.
1.3.2.6Nonstandard Holding Pattern
a)Fix end and outbound end turns are made to the
left. Entry procedures to a nonstandard pattern are
oriented in relation to the 70 degree􀀀line on the
holding side just as in the standard pattern.
b)When holding at a fix and instructions are
received specifying the time of departure from the fix,
the pilot should adjust the aircraft’s flight path within
the limits of the established holding pattern in order
to leave the fix at the exact time specified. After
departing the holding fix, normal speed is to be
resumed with respect to other governing speed
requirements such as terminal area speed limits,
　
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