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a kneeboard on the knee might not be
the safest action.
Guidance material from regulatory
authorities requires that portable
EFBs be stowed when they are not in
use, and the report33 recommends that
the device (like all others used on the
flight deck) have a designated space,
both during use and during stowage.
“EFB units may move unexpectedly
during significant accelerations,” the
report says. “For example, a unit left
on an unused seat may fall off the seat
during turbulence. The next time the
pilot attempts to use the device, finding
the unit will cause pilot distraction,
at the least.
“During takeoff and landing, the
EFB may need to be stowed in order
to prevent injuries to the crew in case
of sudden aircraft accelerations, similar
to the requirement for stowing tray
tables for passengers.”
Despite these cautions, the researchers
say that portable EFBs have some
advantages, such as giving the pilots
the ability to place the device in the
best position for any task, and the ability
to move the display screen to avoid
glare.
Other Reports Recommend
Methods of Evaluation
Additional reports, prepared after
publication of AC 120-76A, include
one that described tools for evaluating
the usability of EFBs36 and another that
reviewed available EFB equipment.37
The evaluation tools—a short tool
designed for a brief evaluation of an
EFB system and a longer, more detailed
tool designed for a more comprehensive
evaluation—are intended
to allow system designers, aircraft
operators and aircraft certification specialists
to assess human factors aspects
of EFB systems.
The industry review, published in
February 2005, was intended as a
“primer on who is involved in the industry
and what their efforts are.” The
document describes characteristics of
EFB systems and provides other information,
including the applications they
support and their potential customers
In their discussion of human factors
considerations, the researchers say that
although manufacturers believe that
EFB failures are rare, flight crew training
should ensure that crewmembers
know what procedures to follow if one
EFB unit—or more—fails.38
EFB failures should be “graceful,”
the human factors researchers say, “in
the sense that they can be recovered
from easily, with minimum disruption
to flight crew tasks and workload. If
failures are not easily recognized, if
failures are difficult to recover from
or if procedures for handling failures
have not been developed in advance,
crew workload and performance may
suffer significantly at the time of an
EFB failure.”
In addition, they say that flight crewmembers
should know which information
to use if the information supplied
by an EFB differs from that provided
by other flight deck systems, such as
a flight management system or engine
indication and crew-alerting system.
“Whether or not there is any communication
between aircraft systems
and the EFB, from the perspective of
a crewmember, the EFB is just another
tool for him/her to use,” the researchers
say. “If there are inconsistencies or
PAPERLESS COCKPIT
Continued from page 35
redundancies in the information provided
by the different automation systems
(ʻtoolsʼ) or information sources,
there will be confusion and increased
potential for errors.”
Use of EFBs is “expanding apace,”
Proulx says. In addition to scheduled
deliveries of B-777s with Class 3 EFBs
to two airlines in 2005 and 2006, Class
3 EFBs will be standard on the B-787.
“The early adopters have adapted;
getting into the next level is going to
be the difficult part, largely because, if
money is tight and your priority is just
keeping your airline flying, you donʼt
have a lot of money for extras,” he
says.
Leullier says that all A380 airplanes
will be equipped with Class 3 EFBs,
and that “the development/retrofit has
already begun for the A320 family and
A330/340 (Class 2/3).”
Defalque says that the number of
EFBs in commercial airplanes will
continue to increase, especially as
more A350, A380, B-777 and B-787
airplanes come into service, and that
eventually, all new Western-built transport
category aircraft will be equipped
with them.
Devices Could Prove
　
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