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Runway Length
Annex 14, Volume 1 calls for the calculation of declared distances for a runway
intended for use by international commercial air transport and Annex 15 requires the
reporting of declared distance in each direction of the runway in the Aeronautical
Information Publication (AIP).
The following table identifies the declared distances for each runway at HKIA
Table 3
HKIA Declared Runway Distances
Runway TORA TODA ASDA LDA
07R 3800 m 4100 m 3800 m 3640 m
25L 3800 m 4100 m 3800 m 3800 m
07L 3800 m 4100 m 3800 m 3627 m
25R 3800 m 4100 m 3800 m 3626 m
Notation: TORA : Take-off runway available
TODA : Take-off distance available
ASDA : Accelerated stop distance available
LDA : Landing distance available.
Although preliminary information on runway length requirements for the A380-800
was published by Airbus in the “Airplane Characteristic for Airport Planning” manual,
approved values will only be stated in the operating manuals specific to each airline
operating the aircraft. ICAO (Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 1 Runways) have adopted
runway length guidelines when the appropriate flight manuals are not available. These
guidelines included correction factors based on elevation and temperature.
The first step in the determination of the required runway length was to identify a
basic length that meets the operational requirements of the aircraft. This basic length is
required for take-off under standard atmospheric conditions, zero elevation, zero wind and
zero runway slope. Airbus have identified the following basic runway reference length for
take off as:
Take-off length at MTOW, sea level, ISA + 15 C = 2990 meters
Once the basic length has been identified, correction factors can be introduced based
on the particular airport elevation and reference temperature. ICAO’s elevation correction
Leung, Little, and Li 5
factor stated that the basic length should be increased at the rate of 7% per 300 m elevation.
HKIA’s elevation, as identified in the Aerodrome Manual, is 7.0 mPD. Based on this fact, no
correction has to be introduced for elevation.
The correction factor for temperature, as identified by ICAO, is increase in basic
length of 1% for every 1° C by which the airport reference temperature exceeds the
temperature in the standard atmosphere for airport elevation. HKIA’s reference temperature
is 31.6° C. Based on the runway reference length of 2990 m at ISA +15° C, as identified by
Airbus, the basic runway length should be increased by 16.6% (31.6° - 15°C = 16.6°C =>
16.6%). With the temperature correction factor, the runway length, at HKIA must be at least
3,487 m to safely accommodate the A380. Since both the north and south runways have a
runway length of 3,800 meters, the A380 can be safely operated on both runways.
Width of Curved Taxiways at Junctions and intersections
ICAO specify that the design of the taxiway curve should be such that, when the
cockpit of the aeroplane remains over the taxiway centre line markings, the clearance
distance between the outer main wheels of the aeroplane and the edge of the taxiway
pavement should not be less than 4.5 meters for a Code F taxiway. The design of taxiway
curves and the edge of taxiway pavements depends on two aircraft dimensions; the outer
main gear span and the wheel-base. The design aircraft adopted for the airfield is based on a
generic “New Large Aircraft” (NLA) with an outer main gear span of 18 meters and a wheelbase
of 33 meters.
The A380-800 aircraft, which had an outer main gear span of 14.3 meters and a
wheel-base of 30 meters, is less than that of the design NLA aircraft. Nevertheless, a
comprehensive review of all curved taxiways at junctions and intersections was carried out
using the “AutoTurn Aircraft 5” simulation software package to evaluate whether the main
gear trace of the A380-800 aircraft complies with the above stated ICAO requirement.
The simulation confirmed that the clearance distance between the outer main gear of
the A380-800 aircraft and the edge of the taxiway pavement for all taxiway junctions and
intersections was greater than the ICAO requirement.
Runway Holding Point
The runway stop bars were situated at 101 meters away from the runway centre line.
This dimension was adopted based on the assumption that a holding aircraft would not
infringe the inner transitional surface with the surface’ lower edge offset 60 meters from the
runway centre line. Although ICAO recommends a minimum hold bar distance from the
runway centerline of 90 meters, HKIA adopted a distance of 101 meters to provide adequate
buffer time for ATC controllers to react in case of a runway intrusion.
　
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