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120 100
140
160
T&B
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VS
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
To maintain the turn the primary scan is
AH to ALT / VSI to AH.
The secondary scan instruments are the
T&B and DG, which should be included in
the primary scan every few scans. The DG
should become part of the primary scan
approaching the assigned heading.
The ASI, TACHO and other instruments
are not referenced, as the manoeuvre is
transient.
RMIT Flight Training Instrument Flight
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 5 Brief 17
CLIMBING / DESCENDING TURNS - To enter a turn whilst climbing or descending
the pilot must use the same entry technique as the level turn except that the attitude
must be adjusted to maintain indicated airspeed instead of altitude.
Bank - Roll on bank to 17 degrees (rate one) referring to the AH.
Balance - Refer to T&B and balance with rudder.
Back Pressure - set attitude to maintain speed referring to AH and ASI.
Airmanship:
- Avoid flying into cloud – if you do, conduct a 180 rate one turn to exit.
- Smooth and positive control inputs.
- Use correct scan techniques.
- Do not chase performance instruments…SET ATTITUDE!
- Instrument Taxi checks.
- Correct hand-over/takeover procedure.
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
V
SI
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
To maintain the climbing or descending turn,
the primary scan is AH to ASI to AH.
The secondary scan instruments are the T&B,
ALT, VSI and DG, which should be included in
the primary scan every few scans. The DG
and ALT should become part of the primary
scan approaching the assigned heading or
altitude.
The TACHO and other instruments are only
referenced when necessary.
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 1
ADF OPERATIONS
Aim: To learn the principles behind the operation of the ADF navigation system.
Application:
- orientation (where am I?).
- supplementary navigation information.
Definitions:
 NDB
- Non-Directional Beacon, is the ground radio transmitter that radiates
energy in all directions.
 ADF
- Automatic Direction Finder, is the airborne receiver which when tuned,
indicates the direction TO the NDB.
 Locator
- Low powered NDB used for approaches in conjunction with an ILS.
Principles:
 NDB
- Operates on frequencies between 200Hz and 500 KHz (LF to MF radio
range).
- Primarily short distance navigation aids of usually < 200Nm.
- Transmitter power is between 100 and 3000W with majority in the 100 to
500W range.
- Greater the transmitter power, the greater the range.
- Details found in ERSA and ERC charts; VTC, TAC and VNC.
- The emitted wave has a Morse code identifier superimposed upon it, of 2
to 3 letters.
- The carrier wave may Also contain voice/ ATIS information.
 ADF
- airborne equipment consists of three main components:
1. Antennae
- loop antenna aligns itself perpendicular to the direction of the received
signal. As it is a loop, two nulls are received - one removed 180 from the
other.
- to resolve the ambiguity the signal from the sense antenna is combined,
to drive the loop (and hence the pointer) in the correct direction.
RMIT Flight Training ADF Operations
Brief 18
RMIT Instructor Rating Mass Briefs Issue 1 /2004 Page 2
2. Receiver
- the receiver and associated control panel are used to tune the ADF to the
required NDB.
 OFF = switch ADF off
 ADF = normal position for bearing information
 ANT = only sense antenna is used. No bearing information but enhanced
audio reception
 BFO = beat frequency oscillator, rarely used in Australia
 TEST = deflects needle to right wing. Pressing ADF again points needle
to NDB
3. Cockpit Display
- the needle always points directly TO the station.
4. Fixed-Card ADF
- the needle indicates relative bearing of the station from the aircraft
 Rotatable-Card ADF
- the needle indicates a magnetic bearing TO the station. Any change in
HDG requires re-alignment of the ADF card.
　
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