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gyro).
TACHO Power (measured in rpm).
DG Directional gyro (Vacuum
gyro).
T&B Turn Coordinator (electrical
gyro).
ALT Altimeter (Static System).
VSI Vertical Speed Indicator (Static
System).
ASI Air Speed Indicator (Pitot Static
System).
UP
DN
20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
Principles
Instrument Interpretation
• Power + Attitude = Performance
AH - fly by attitude
TACHO - gives power information
Pitch - AH, ALT, ASI, VSI all give pitch information
Bank - AH, T&B, DG all give bank information
Yaw - only the Balance Ball gives yaw information
Principles
Aircraft Control
• Maintain smooth coordination of power
and flight controls
• AH and TACHO used to set up initial
configuration, then other instruments used
to cross-reference and to confirm
performance is being achieved.
Principles
To change configuration:
• CHANGE - adopt required power and
attitude
• CHECK - check performance being
achieved
• HOLD - if correct; or
• ADJUST - if required
• TRIM - as required.
Principles
• Instrument Scan – Selective Radial
Scan
15 20 25
10
5
RPM
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
5
6
7
8
9
UP
DN
VSI20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
L R
Principles - Review
Considerations
Sensory Illusions
Vestibular Organs:
• 3 semi-circular organs in the inner ear which detect accelerations by
moving tiny hair follicles.
• Constant velocity or gradual change in velocity is not detected.
Considerations
• Somatogravic Illusion:
Considerations
Spatial Disorientation:
• disagreement of senses
• Slow roll to left not detected by senses.
Correct with right bank. Senses detect the
right bank and instruments show S&L!
• Causes vertigo/leans.
Considerations
Partial Panel Failure
• Detect failed instruments by cross-checking
other instruments. Use inverted V scan.
• DG fails, supplement with magnetic compass.
Remember ONUS and SAND errors.
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
5
6
7
8
9
UP
DN
VSI20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
Consderations - Review
Air Exercise
CRUISE
–Trim Trim to the attitude on the AH.
Power –Reduce RPM to cruise power.
–Scan ASI for acceleration to cruise
speed.
Speed
– Scan the DG, ALT and T&B for correct
S&L criteria (Constant direction,
altitude and in balance).
– Change the AH to the correct straight
and level attitude and hold.
Attitude
Air Exercise
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
5
6
7
8
9
UP
DN
VSI 20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
25
15 20
10
5
RPM
Air Exercise
CLIMB
Trim – Trim to the attitude on the AH.
– Scan AH, DG and ASI and adjust if
require to achieve the speed.
Speed
– Scan the AH and adopt the climb
attitude monitoring the DG and T&B
for direction and balance.
Attitude
– Increase the power to climb settings
referring to AH and TACHO.
Power
Air Exercise
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
5
6
7
8
9
UP
DN
VSI 20
20
5 15
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
25
15 20
10
5
RPM
Air Exercise
– Trim only if necessary (speed should
be the same as cruise with no trim
change.
Trim
– AH, DG, ASI and VSI and check
speed and ROD, adjust if necessary.
Speed
– Scan the AH and adopt the descent
attitude monitoring DG and T&B for
direction and balance.
Attitude
– Reduce the power to 1900 rpm
referring to AH and TACHO.
Power
DESCENT
Air Exercise
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
5
6
7
8
9
UP
DN
VSI 20
20
5 15
10
　
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