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ONUS and SAND
0 1
2
3
4
ALT
6 5
7
8
9
VSI
20
20
15
5
10
10 15
5
40
60
80
120 100
140
160
T&B
L R
Considerations
• Runway width Illusions
– All the following runways have the same length, but
different widths.
– Long and thin runways can give the illusion of being
too high, and wide runways give the illusion of being
too low
Considerations
• Runway Slope Illusions
– The following runways are at different slopes
– Upslope is most dangerous as the pilot would think he
is too high and fly a lower/flatter approach, which
could result in hitting trees or other obstacles
Considerations
• Distance judgement at night
– Lighted objects on a clear night can appear brighter
and closer than they really are.
– Pilot may think his approach is too high
– Pilot may think he is closer to a town then he really is
(Forced landing consideration).
• Black hole illusion
– Without visual cues, the pilot has the misperception of
proper orientation, but the runway appears to move or
remain incorrectly positioned.
– Will get a black hole illusion when we use a landing
light on a dark day.
Considerations
• Lighting Failures
– Landing light failures will be practised
– Aerodrome lighting failure consideration
• Attempt to turn on PAL
• Check PAL frequency
– Carry portable electric torch for cockpit
lighting failures.
Air Exercise
• Pre-Flight
– Conducted normally, paying particular attention to lighting.
• Start Up
– As per day, except turn on Beacon and navigation lights prior to
start. Clear prop with 3 flashes of landing light
• Taxiing
– Harder to judge aircraft speed, need to look out side windows.
– Taxi with taxi light on
• Take-Off
– Turn on Landing light on take-off (turn off taxi light)
– Leave Landing light on for circuits
– Conducted 100% visual, as per day
– Lift-off, climb out on 100% instruments
– Check +ve RoC, safe IAS, maintaining RWY HDG
– Use DG for headings in the circuit
Air Exercise
• X-Wind
– Conducted 75% instruments, 25% visual
• Downwind
– 50% instruments, 50% visual
– Pre landing checks, turn on landing light, check windsock
• Base
– 75% visual, 25% instruments
• Final
– 100% visual
– Use RWY lighting for approach guidance
Air Exercise
• Landing
– RWY lights at shoulder level, power to IDLE
– watch end lights to judge FLARE and
HOLDOFF
ON PROFILE BELOW PROFILE ABOVE PROFILE
Airmanship
• Lookout (extremely important to call your
sequence number on the base call)
• Remember instrument scans
• Trust instruments and be aware of
illusions
• Correct handover/takeover procedure
• Be familiar with aerodrome lighting
Night Circuits
Pre-Flight Brief
Objective
• To take-off safely, complete a circuit and
land correctly at night.
Application
• To be able to safely takeoff and land at
night
• Can arrive at an aerodrome after EoD
Airmanship
• Lookout (extremely important to broadcast
your sequence number on the base call)
• Use appropriate instrument scans to
maintain performance
• Trust instruments and be aware of
illusions
• Correct handover/takeover procedure
• Be familiar with aerodrome lighting
Air Exercise
• Pre-Flight
– Conducted normally, paying particular
attention to lighting.
• Start Up
– As per day, except turn on Beacon and
navigation lights prior to start. Clear prop with
3 flashes of landing light
• Taxiing
– Harder to judge aircraft speed, need to look
out side windows.
– Taxi with taxi light on
Air Exercise
• Take-Off
– Turn on Landing light on take-off (turn off taxi light)
– Leave Landing light on for circuits
– Use DG for headings in the circuit
– Whilst on the ground 100% visual, as per day
– After Lift-off, climb out on 100% instruments
– Check +ve RoC, safe IAS, maintaining RWY HDG
Air Exercise
• X-Wind
– Conducted 75% instruments, 25% visual
　
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