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position/ fix
 Determine ETI
 Use ETI to determine
distance covered
 Draw line from last known
position, on heading flown
for distance covered
 Draw lines approx 15o
either side of track
 Draw circle around most
probable position (DR
position)
Last known fix -Time 10
G/S 120kts
(2nm/min)
Distance covered = 20nm
MPP
20nm
At Feature -Time 20
Determine position:
 Locate features on map that
are within your circle of
uncertainty and look for
them on the ground
 Use any nav aids in range
to establish position lines
 Read from ground to map
to try and establish position
MPP
20nm
Things to do whilst lost and trying to
fix position:
 Consider - Remaining fuel and daylight
 Consider - Reducing power for best range (60%power)
 Consider - (if below 3000feet) Climbing to higher altitude in order
to increase visibility (weather dependent & CTA steps considered)
 Find – Errors you might have made
 Share the problem - contact ATS
 Remember – “Don’t stay up too late” Be prepared to make
precautionary landing before fuel depletes/ weather deteriorates/ light
fades. Precautionary Search and landing can take up to 45 mins!!!!!
 Use Resources – Use your charts / navaids/ GPS/ ATC /Other
aircraft / other crew members
Things NOT to do whilst lost and
trying to fix position:
 Don’t panic –
you will only end up rushing decisions and
make situation worse
 Don’t wonder all over the sky –
this will make it more difficult to position fix
 Don’t fly into worsening weather
 Divert – Do not divert until absolutely
sure of your position. Consider heading to a
prominent feature
 Don’t give up – you have made it
this far so you can make it back
Airmanship
 DON’T GET LOST IN THE FIRST PLACE!!!
 Ensure you have thorough pre-flight planning
 Use good navigational technique – accurate logs etc
 Conduct thorough “CLEAR” checks
 Use Watch-Map-Ground
 Use dog-legs to get around weather
 Think ahead and keep in mind what you should be
seeing along route- use distinct initial and final
tracking points
Question Time?
 What can you do to reduce your chances of
becoming LOST?
 What should you NOT do when you are Lost?
 What should you do?
 How do we determine our circle of
uncertainty?
Navigation Pre Flight Brief
Objective
• To apply the principles and considerations
of navigation, in order to navigate from
one point to another with sole reference to
visual cues.
Application
• To fly cross-country from one airport to
another
• PPL and CPL flights require cross-country
flying
Airmanship
• Thorough pre-flight inspection
• Must take current maps, ERSA, trip sheet, pencils and
any other aids to conduct the flight
• CLEAR checks will ensure you don’t forget anything, so
remember to use them
• Maintain good situational awareness and look well
ahead of the aircraft’s current position to try and
anticipate any required actions
• Us the cockpit cycle (Aviate – Navigate – Communicate)
• Don’t be afraid to ask for assistance if in trouble, Air
traffic services are there to help pilots!
• Remember to cancel SARTIME after flight
Air Exercise
• Route: Point Cook – Melton South – Ballarat (overfly)
– Swan Marsh – Avalon – Point Cook
• Departure
– Log departure time
– Turn onto calculated heading
– Climb to calculated level
• TOC
– Conduct a CLEAR Check
C: Compass to DG realignment, Check Course flown
L: Log Time, Check fuel Log and SARTIME
E: Engine Indications, Check fuel quantity,
temperatures and pressures, lean the aircraft.
A: Altitude and Airspace, Check you are at an
appropriate altitude and won’t fly into controlled
airspace without a clearance
R: Radio’s and Radio Nav Aids, Check and set
appropriate radio frequencies and Nav Aids, Make
appropriate radio broadcasts
Air Exercise
Compass to DG realignment, Check Course flown
temperatures
and pressures, lean the aircraft.
　
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