(4)
 Interpretation and use of weather charts, maps, forecasts, sequence reports, abbreviations, and symbols;

(5)
 National Weather Service functions as they pertain to opera-tions in the National Airspace System;

(6)
Windshear and microburst awareness, identi.cation, and avoidance;

(7)
 Principles of air navigation under instrument meteorological conditions in the National Airspace System;

(8)
 Air traf.c control procedures and pilot responsibilities as they relate to en route operations, terminal area and radar opera-tions, and instrument departure and approach procedures;

(9)
 Aircraft loading; weight and balance; use of charts, graphs, tables, formulas, and computations; and the effects on aircraft performance;

(10)
 Aerodynamics relating to an aircraft’s .ight characteristics and performance in normal and abnormal .ight regimes;

(11)
 Human factors;

(12)
 Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and

(13)
 Crew resource management to include crew communica-tion and coordination.

4. Flight training.
(a)
Course for an additional airplane category and single engine class rating.

(1)
 For the recreational pilot certi.cate, the course must include 15 hours of .ight training on the areas of operations under Part 141, Appendix A, paragraph 4(c)(1) that include—

(i)
Two hours of .ight training to an airport and at an airport that is located more than 25 nautical miles from the airport where the applicant normally trains, with three takeoffs and three landings, except as provided under §61.100 of this chapter; and

(ii)
Three hours of .ight training in an aircraft with the airplane category and single engine class within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test.

(2)
 For the private pilot certi.cate, the course must include 20 hours of .ight training on the areas of operations under Part 141, Appendix B, paragraph 4(d)(1). A .ight simulator and .ight train-ing device cannot be used to meet more than 4 hours of the train-ing requirements, and the use of the .ight training device is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours permitted. The course must include—

(i)
Three hours of cross country training in a single engine air-plane, except as provided under §61.111 of this chapter;

(ii)
Three hours of nighttime .ight training in a single engine air-plane that includes one cross country .ight of more than 100 nau-tical miles total distance, and 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a .ight in the traf.c pattern) at an airport;

(iii) Three hours of .ight training in a single engine airplane on the control and maneuvering of the airplane solely by reference to instruments, including straight and level .ight, constant airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual .ight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to instrument .ight; and
(iv)
Three hours of .ight training in a single engine airplane within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test.

(3)
 For the commercial pilot certi.cate, the course must include 55 hours of .ight training on the areas of operations under Part 141, Appendix D, paragraph 4(d)(1). A .ight simulator and .ight training device cannot be used to meet more than 16.5 hours of the training requirements, and the use of the .ight training device is limited to 11 hours of the 16.5 hours permitted. The course must include—

(i)
 Five hours of instrument training in a single engine airplane that includes training using a view-limiting device on attitude instrument .ying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual .ight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking navigational systems;

(ii)
Ten hours of training in an airplane that has retractable land-ing gear, .aps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or is turbine-powered;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country .ight during daytime conditions in a single engine airplane, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure;
(iv)
 One 2-hour cross country .ight during nighttime conditions in a single engine airplane, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(v)
Three hours in a single engine airplane within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test.

(4)
 For the airline transport pilot certi.cate, the course must include 25 hours .ight training, including 15 hours of instrument training, in a single engine airplane on the areas of operation under Part 141, Appendix E, paragraph 4.(c). A .ight simulator and .ight training device cannot be used to meet more than 12.5 hours of the training requirements; and the use of the .ight train-ing device is limited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours permitted.
　
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