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6.4 The Context II: ICAO Rating Scale and Holistic Descriptors............................ 7
7 Assessing tests: Documenting Fairness ...................................................................... 7
7.1 Validity ............................................................................................................... 8
7.2 Reliability............................................................................................................ 8
7.3 Practicality .......................................................................................................... 8
7.4 Test Washback.................................................................................................... 9
8 References................................................................................................................. 11
9 Appendix A: Checklist of Test Criteria .....................Error! Bookmark not defined.
10 Appendix B: ICAO Position Paper........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
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PART A: Introduction
1 Statement of the Issue
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has adopted strengthened language
proficiency requirements for flight crew and air traffic controllers operating along
international air routes. As a result of the new Standards and Recommended Practices
(SARPS), more stringent language testing requirements must be implemented by 2008, and
pilots and controllers must demonstrate proficiency at the ICAO Operational Level 4 in
order to maintain their license to operate internationally.
Organizations and individuals are seeking guidance on how to select, adapt, or develop
appropriate aviation-specific English language proficiency tests which will ensure
compliance with the ICAO Requirements.
2 Scope of the Report
This report will briefly summarize the main characteristics of appropriate aviation-English
tests and present the primary considerations in test selection and/or development.
Language testing is necessarily a rather complex issue, with professional expertise required
at the level of selection and/or implementation. However, for the sake of convenience and
ease, a very brief checklist for test evaluation is provided in Appendix A.
3 Background: ICAO Standards in unregulated market
In March 2003, the International Civil Aviation Organization adopted Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARPS) that strengthen language proficiency requirements for
pilots and air traffic controllers operating along international air routes. The new language
proficiency requirements clarify as a matter of an ICAO Standard that ICAO phraseologies
should be used where possible, and that if ICAO phraseologies are not applicable then plain
language proficiency is required. Codifying the use of plain language is a significant
departure from both previous ICAO requirements and from de-facto practice. The ICAO
language requirements establish minimum skill level requirements for language proficiency
for flight crew and air traffic controllers in the use of both phraseologies and plain language.
The minimum skill level requirements are embodied in the ICAO language proficiency
rating scale and the holistic descriptors.
The new ICAO language SARPS create a significant testing and training requirement,
particularly around the use of English. Reliable and valid aviation-specific English testing is
not yet widespread or widely available, although more testing programs are coming into the
market.
A complicating factor is that the language testing (and training) industry is both unregulated
and professionally complex. In the high-stakes environment of aviation English testing, the
lack of regulatory oversight is particularly problematic: the ICAO Standards and the 2008
compliance deadline create a market demand for testing services, but there is no regulatory
body to provide oversight to the test providers, nor guidance to consumers.
4 The Context: Test Development Standards
Language testing is a professional activity and is characterized by internally driven standards
for test development, trialing, implementation, rating and reporting. There are currently few
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organizations which provide test certification services, and no external industry requirements
that a test undergo certification.
However, a number of resources guide test development, including the International
Language Testing Association’s (ILTA) Code of Ethics (included in ICAO Document 9835,
Manual on the Implementation of ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements), the
Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE) Principles of Good Practice, among
others.
Part B: Test Characteristics
　
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