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complex problems rapidly once they have grasped the big
picture, but they often have difficulty explaining how they
did it. This type of learner seeks overall comprehension;
analogies help this learner.
Index of Learning Styles (ILS)
In 1988, Richard Felder and Linda Silverman designed
a learning style model with parallel learning styles that
classified students as having learning preferences in sensing
or intuitive, visual or verbal, active or reflective, sequential
or global (discussed under holistic/serialist learning style.
Dr. Felder maintains a website at www4.ncsu.edu/unity/
lockers/users/f/felder/public/RMF.html that offers learners
the opportunity to assess learning preferences at no cost for
noncommercial purposes. [Figure 2-15]
2-19
Visual
Auditory
Kinesthetic
Seeing, reading
Hearing, speaking
Touching, doing
Learning Style Traits Teaching Tips
Use graphs,
charts,videos.
Have learner
verbalize
questions.
Use demonstrations of skills.
Figure 2-16. Visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles
(VAK).
tends to wander when there is no external stimulation. They
also learn from demonstration by watching carefully, then
imagining or mirroring the demonstrator’s movements.
Learners may prefer one of these three learning styles over
another, but most learners employ all three depending on the
material being learned. For example, when Beverly makes
her first landing with Bill guiding her attempt, she employs
visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning. As the aircraft
enters downwind, Beverly uses visual cues to recognize the
airport and landing strip as she lines the aircraft up to land.
As Bill talks her through the procedures, Beverly is using
her auditory learning skills to learn how to land the aircraft.
Finally, she needs to use kinesthetic skills to perform the
actual landing.
Remember, good learners are capable of processing
information in a variety of ways. The key to meeting
individual student needs is to ensure a variety of learning
styles are addressed in every lesson.
Superlinks
In a theory proposed by Ricki Linksman, the learning style
ideas discussed in the preceding paragraphs have been
melded into a concept based on the VAKT learning styles plus
brain hemisphere preference. This “superlink,” as she calls
it, is the easiest way for a learner to process information in
order to understand, remember, and retain it. Matching visual,
auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile with right- and left-brain
research, Linksman created eight superlinks: visual left-brain,
visual right-brain, auditory left-brain, auditory right-brain,
tactile left-brain, tactile right-brain, kinesthetic left-brain, and
kinesthetic right-brain. These superlinks accelerate learning
by targeting the best way a person learns.
Summary
As mentioned earlier, there are many models of how people
learn. Some models identify styles or approaches that are
easily recognized such as collaborative, sharing students who
enjoy working with others, versus competitive students who
are grade conscious and feel they must do better than their
peers. Participant students normally have a desire to learn and
enjoy attending class, and avoidant students do not take part
in class activities and have little interest in learning.
The learning environment also influences learning style.
In real life, most students find it necessary to adapt to a
traditional style-learning environment provided by a school,
university, or other educational/training establishment.
Sometimes, the student’s way of learning may or may not
be compatible with his or her environment.
Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic Learners (VAK)
One of the most popular learning styles is based on the three
main sensory receptors: vision, hearing, and touch. These
are called visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles
(VAK). [Figure 2-16] Research in this area dates back to
the early 20th century and the concepts were developed over
many years by psychologists and teaching specialists. Others
have augmented the VAK model with the addition of R for
“reading” (VARK), or the addition of T for “tactile” (VAKT),
or even a combination of the terms for VARKT.
Learners generally use all three styles to receive information,
but one of these three ways of receiving information is
dominant. Once again, the dominant style of receiving
information is the best way for a person to learn new
information, but this style may not be the same for every task.
　
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