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causing or contributing to an accident or incident.
Poor judgment chain. A series of mistakes that may lead
to an accident or incident. Two basic principles generally
associated with the creation of a poor judgment chain are: (1)
one bad decision often leads to another; and (2) as a string
of bad decisions grows, it reduces the number of subsequent
alternatives for continued safe flight. Aeronautical decisionmaking is intended to break the poor judgment chain before
it can cause an accident or incident.
Practical Test Standards (PTS). An FAA published list of
standards which must be met for the issuance of a particular
pilot certificate or rating. FAA inspectors and designated
pilot examiners use these standards when conducting pilot
practical tests and flight instructors should use the PTS while
preparing applicants for practical tests.
Preparation. The first step of the teaching process, which
consists of determining the scope of the lesson, the objectives,
and the goals to be attained. This portion also includes making
certain all necessary supplies are on hand. When using the
telling-and-doing technique of flight instruction, this step is
accomplished prior to the flight lesson.
Presentation. The second step of the teaching process, which
consists of delivering information or demonstrating the skills
that make up the lesson. The delivery could be by either the
lecture method or demonstration-performance method. In
the telling-and-doing technique of flight instruction, this
is the segment in which the instructor both talks about and
performs the procedure.
G-6
Pretest. A test used to determine whether a student has the
necessary qualifications to begin a course of study. Also used
to determine the level of knowledge a student has in relation
to the material that will be presented in the course.
Primacy. A principle of learning in which the first experience
of something often creates a strong, almost unshakable
impression. The importance to an instructor is that the first
time something is demonstrated, it must be shown correctly
since that experience is the one most likely to be remembered
by the student.
Problem-based learning. Lessons in such a way as to
confront students with problems that are encountered in real
life which force them to reach real-world solutions.
Psychomotor domain. A grouping of levels of learning
associated with physical skill levels which range from
perception through set, guided response, mechanism,
complex overt response, and adaptation to origination.
PTS. See Practical Test Standards.
Readiness. A principle of learning where the eagerness and
single-mindedness of a person toward learning affect the
outcome of the learning experience.
Receiver. In communication, the listener, reader, or student
who takes in a message containing information from a source,
processes it, reacts with understanding, and changes behavior
in accordance with the message.
Recency. Principle of learning stating that things learned
recently are remembered better than things learned some time
ago. As time passes, less is remembered. Instructors use this
principle when summarizing the important points at the end
of a lecture in order for students to better remember them.
Relay question. Used in response to a student’s question, the
student question is redirected to another student.
Reliability. The degree to which test results are consistent
with repeated measurements.
Repression. Theory of forgetting proposing that a person
is more likely to forget information which is unpleasant or
produces anxiety.
Response. Possible answer to a multiple-choice test item.
The correct response is often called the keyed response, and
incorrect responses are called distractors.
Reverse question. Used in response to a student’s question.
Rather than give a direct answer to the student’s query, the
instructor returns the question to the same student to provide
the answer.
Review and evaluation. The fourth and last step in the
teaching process, which consists of a review of all material
and an evaluation of the students. In the telling and doing
technique of flight instruction, this step consists of the
instructor evaluating the student’s performance while the
student performs the required procedure.
Rhetorical question. Generally, a question asked for a
purpose other than to obtain the information the question asks.
For this handbook’s purpose, a question asked to stimulate
group thought. Normally answered by the instructor, it is
　
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