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affect the instructor’s ability to teach that student.
Self-Actualization
When all of the foregoing needs are satisfied, then and only
then are the needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow
describes self-actualization as a person’s need to be and do
that which the person was “born to do.” To paraphrase an
old Army recruiting slogan, self-actualization is to “be all
you can be.”
Self-actualized people are characterized by:
• Being problem-focused.
• Incorporating an ongoing freshness of appreciation of
life.
• A concern about personal growth.
• The ability to have peak experiences.
Helping a student achieve his or her individual potential
in aviation training offers the greatest challenge as well as
reward to the instructor.
Instructors should help students satisfy their human needs in
a manner that creates a healthy learning environment. In this
type of environment, students experience fewer frustrations
and, therefore, can devote more attention to their studies.
Fulfillment of needs can be a powerful motivation in complex
learning situations.
1-5
Theory X:
�People have an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it
whenever possible.
�People must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with
punishment in order to get them to achieve the organizational
objectives.
�People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility, and have
little or no ambition.
�People seek security above all else.
Theory Y:
�Work is as natural as play and rest.
�People will exercise self-direction if they are committed to the
objectives (they are NOT lazy).
�Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated
with their achievement.
�People learn to accept and seek responsibility.
�Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed
among the population. People are capable of using these abilities
to solve an organizational problem.
�People have potential.
Figure 1-3. Douglas McGregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his Theory X and Theory Y in 1960. These are two
opposing perceptions about how people view human behavior at work and organizational life.
Human Nature and Motivation
Human nature refers to the general psychological
characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits shared by all
humans. Motivation (discussed more fully in Chapter 2,
The Learning Process) is the reason one acts or behaves in a
certain way and lies at the heart of goals. A goal is the object
of a person’s effort.
Consider Jason, who came to aviation because he wanted to
participate more actively in another realm of his business.
Derek needs to capitalize on this motivation to keep Jason
interested in the step-by-step procedures that must be learned
in order to fly safely. There is a gap between Jason and his
goal of earning a pilot certificate. It is Derek’s job to close the
gap. The successful instructor channels student motivation
and guides the student toward the goal of learning aviation
skills through education, experience, practice, and study.
Building on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, social psychologist
Douglas McGregor set out two opposing assumptions about
human nature and motivation in 1960. [Figure 1-3] Although
McGregor’s famous X-Y Theory was designed for use in
human resource management, it offers information about how
people view human behavior at work and organizational life
which makes it useful for aviation instructors.
Theory X assumes that management’s role is to coerce and
control employees because people need control and direction.
Managers who think in Theory X terms believe people have
an inherent dislike for work, avoid it whenever possible,
and must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with
punishment in order to get them to achieve the objectives.
McGregor believed these assumptions were false, that the
role of managers (or instructors) is to develop the potential in
employees (students) and help them to release that potential
1-6
Repression
Denial
Compensation
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Fantasy
Displacement
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Figure 1-4. Several common defense mechanisms may apply to
aviation students.
toward common goals. This view of humans he termed
“Theory Y” and holds that:
• Work is as natural as play and rest. The average
person does not inherently dislike work. Depending on
　
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