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for airman certification testing. Except for certain endorsements made in pen and ink on a student pilot certificate, the
endorsements required by 14 CFR part 61 fall into several broad categories.
Student Pilots
Because a student pilot certificate has no aircraft category and class ratings, operating privileges and limitations for solo
flight are conveyed exclusively through instructor endorsements. Endorsements in this category are usually limited not just
to aircraft category and class, but also to a specific make and model. Student pilot endorsements can also specify weather
limitations.
Sport pilots
Like a student pilot certificate, a sport pilot certificate is issued without aircraft category and class ratings. Logbook
endorsements specify the category, class, make, and model of aircraft that the sport pilot is authorized to fly as pilot in
command.
Testing for Certificate or Rating
To take a knowledge test or practical test for most pilot certificates and ratings, the applicant must have endorsements
attesting to aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency (including aeronautical experience and practical test preparation
requires in 14 CFR 61.31(a)(6)). The flight instructor applicant endorsements for completing the fundamentals of instruction
and spin training fall into this category as well.
Recurrent Training
To maintain the operating privileges conferred by a pilot certificate or instrument rating, the pilot must have an endorsement
for satisfactory completion of required recurrent training (e.g., flight review or instrument proficiency check).
Aircraft Characteristics
The requirement for a type rating is limited to large (greater than 12,500 lbs MGTOW) and turbojet-power aircraft. However,
certain small and piston-powered aircraft have characteristics that require additional training for safe operation. For example,
14 CFR 61.69 specifies training and experience required for towing a glider. Specific additional aircraft training requirements
are outlined in 14 CFR 61.31, and instructor endorsements that attest to the satisfactory completion of this training are the
mechanism used to confer the necessary operating privilege. Endorsements related to aircraft characteristics include those
for complex, high performance, high altitude, tailwheel, and glider ground operations. In addition, 14 CFR 61.31(h) provides
for “additional aircraft type-specific training” in cases where the FAA has determined that such training is required.
C-12
D-1
Pilot:_________________________________
Date Revised: _________________________
Reviewed with: ________________________
(if applicable)
Your Personal Minimums Checklist—
• Is an easy-to-use, personal tool tailored to your level of skill, knowledge, and ability.
• Helps you control and manage risk by identifying even subtle risk factors.
• Allows you to fly with less stress and less risk. Practice “Conservatism Without Guilt.”
Each item provides you with either a space to complete a personal minimum or a checklist item to think about. Spend some
quiet time completing each blank and consider other items that apply to your personal minimums. Give yourself permission
to choose higher minimums than those specified in the regulations, aircraft flight manuals, or other rules.
How To Use Your Checklist
Use this checklist just as you would use one for your aircraft. Carry the checklist in your flight kit. Use it at home as you
start planning a flight and again just before you make your final decision to fly. Be wary if you have an item that’s marginal
in any single risk factor category. But if you have items in more than one category, you may be headed for trouble. If you
have marginal items in two or more risk factors/categories, do not go!
Periodically review and revise your checklist as your personal circumstances change, such as your proficiency, recency, or
training. You should never make your minimums less restrictive unless a significant positive event has occurred. However,
it is okay to make your minimums more restrictive at any time. And never make your minimums less restrictive when you
are planning a specific flight, or else external pressures will influence you.
Have a fun and safe flight!
PILOT
Experience/Recency
Takeoffs/landings..................... _____ in the last _____ days
Hours in make/model .............. _____ in the last _____ days
Instrument approaches ............ _____ (simulated or actual) in the last _____ days
Instrument flight hours ............ _____ (simulated or actual) in the last _____ days
　
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