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unforeseen circumstances such as a sudden change in weather
that brings excessive winds during final approach. Other
examples of SBT can have the instructor adding undesired
landing sites for balloon student pilots, rope breaks for glider
students, and radio outages for instrument airplane students.
Now, the student must visualize how he or she will handle
the unexpected change.
During this visualization, the flight instructor can ask
questions to check the student’s thought processes. The job of
the instructor is to challenge the student with realistic flying
situations without overburdening him or her with unrealistic
scenarios.
Practice Landings
The FAA recommends that in all student flights involving
landings in an aircraft, the flight instructor should teach a
full stop landing. Full stop landings help the student develop
aircraft control and checklist usage. Aircraft speed and
control take precedence over all other actions during landings
and takeoffs.
Stress landing in the first third of the runway to ensure
there is stopping distance for the aircraft. If the student is
unable to land in the first third, teach him or her to make an
immediate go around. If the student bounces an airplane on
landing, teach the student to make an immediate go around.
By following these teaching guidelines, the student is better
equipped to properly execute landings when he or she solos.
Furthermore, by requiring the first solo flight to consist of
landings to a full stop, the flight instructor has the opportunity
to stop the flight if necessary.
In gliders, a low energy landing is the most desirable, based
on current winds. This helps the student develop good
off-field landings techniques. This is dependent on current
weather, such as excess winds including crosswinds.
Practical Test Recommendations
Provision is made on the airman certificate or rating
application form for the written recommendation of the flight
instructor who has prepared the applicant for the practical
test involved. Signing this recommendation imposes a serious
responsibility on the flight instructor. A flight instructor
who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant
seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant
to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level
required for that certificate or rating. This demonstration
should in no instance be less than the complete procedure
prescribed in the applicable PTS.
When the instructor endorses the applicant for the practical
test, his or her signature on the FAA Form 8710-1, Airman
Certificate and/or Rating Application, is valid for 60 days.
This is also true with the flight proficiency endorsement
that is placed in the applicant’s logbook or training record
(Advisory Circular (AC) 61-65). These two dates should be
the same.
Completion of prerequisites for a practical test is another
instructor task that must be documented properly. Examples
of all common endorsements can be found in the current
issue of AC 61-65, Appendix 1. This appendix also includes
references to 14 CFR Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight
Instructors, and Ground Instructors, for more details
concerning the requirements that must be met to qualify
for each respective endorsement. The examples shown
contain the essential elements of each endorsement. It is not
mandatory, but recommended for all endorsements to be
worded exactly as those in the AC. For example, changes
to regulatory requirements may affect the wording, or the
instructor may customize the endorsement for any special
circumstances of the applicant. However, at a minimum,
the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61
section that has been completed.
FAA inspectors and DPEs rely on flight instructor
recommendations as evidence of qualification for certification,
and proof that a review has been given of the subject areas
found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test.
Recommendations also provide assurance that the applicant
has had a thorough briefing on the PTS and the associated
knowledge areas, maneuvers, and procedures. If the flight
instructor has trained and prepared the applicant competently,
the applicant should have no problem passing the practical
test.
A flight instructor who fails to ensure a student meets the
requirements of regulations prior to endorsing solo flight or
additional rating exhibits a serious deficiency in performance.
　
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