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2 The following vortex avoidance procedures are recommended for the various situations:
a Landing behind a large aircraft - same runway: Stay at or above the large aircraft's final approach flight path. Note his touchdown point, land beyond it.
b Landing behind a large aircraft - when parallel runway is closer than 2500 feet: consider possible drift to your runway.  Stay at or above the large aircraft's final approach flight path. Note his touchdown point.
c Landing behind a large aircraft; crossing runway: Cross above the large aircraft's flight path.
d Landing behind a departing large aircraft; same runway: Note large aircraft's rotation point. Land well prior to rotation point.
e Landing behind a departing large aircraft crossing runway: Note large aircraft's rotation point, if past the intersection, continue the approach, land prior to the intersection. If large aircraft rotates prior to the intersection, avoid flight below the large aircraft's flight path. Abandon the approach unless a landing is assured well before reaching the intersection.
f Departing behind a large aircraft: Note large aircraft's rotation point. Rotate prior to large aircraft's rotation point, continue climb above and stay upwind of the large aircraft's climb path until turning clear of his wake. Avoid subsequent headings which will cross below and behind a large aircraft. Be alert for any critical take-off situation which could lead to a vortex encounter.
g Intersection take-off; same runway: Be alert to adjacent large aircraft Operations particularly upwind of your runway.  If intersection take-off clearance is received, avoid subsequent heading which will cross below a large aircraft's path.
h Departing or landing after a large aircraft executing a Low/missed approach, or touch-and-go landing or whose final approach or take-off flight path crosses over the runway of intended use: Because vortices settle and move laterally near the ground, the vortex hazard may exist along the runway and in your flight path after a large aircraft has executed a low missed approach or a touch-and-go landing, particularly in light quartering wind conditions. You should assure that an interval of at least 2 minutes has elapsed before your take-off or landing.
i Enroute VFR - (thousand foot altitude plus 500 feet). Avoid flight below and behind a large aircraft's path. If a large aircraft is observed above on the same track (meeting or overtaking) adjust your position laterally, preferably upwind.
(e)
Rotor vortices are helicopter generated. A helicopter hovering can generate a downwash from its main rotor(s) similar to the propeller blast of conventional aircraft. In forward flight, this energy is transformed into a pair of trailing vortices similar to wing tip vortices. Pilots of small aircraft and helicopters should avoid both the vortices and downwash of heavy helicopter.

(2)
PILOT RESPONSIBILITY - Pilots are reminded that in Operations conducted behind all aircraft, acceptance from Air Traffic Control of:

(a)
Traffic information, or

(b)
Instructions to follow an aircraft, or

 

(c)
The acceptance of a visual approach clearance is an acknowledgement that the pilot will ensure safe take-off and landing intervals and accepts the responsibility of providing his own wake turbulence separation.

f. HOLDING PROCEDURES

(1)
AIRSPEED - Pilots will not exceed the following maximum airspeeds while in the holding pattern unless depicted otherwise. If the situation requires an airspeed greater than the maximum allowed for holding, notify Air Traffic Control so that appropriated separation may be applied.

All Aircraft
0-6000' MSL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 KIAS above 6000' MSL-14,000' MSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 KIAS above 14,000' MSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 KIAS
　
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