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Tactical Helicopter Operations
20 B-GA-440-000/AF-000
SECTION 4
THE OPERATIONS OF WAR
19. Three major operations of war are recognised: offence, defence and delay. All three are
conducted in contact with the enemy and can be carried out simultaneously by elements within a
force, or sequentially by the force as a whole. In order to move from one operation to another
and to ensure the continuity of operations they are linked by transitional phases in which the
force is disengaging or seeking to re-establish contact.
20. Land forces will rarely operate in total isolation from the other elements, in particular air
forces. Commanders need to achieve true land and air integration. Air power is fundamental to
the success of all land operations, and formation commanders and their staffs must know how to
incorporate and co-ordinate it during all phases of operations. Ground tactical plans must
conform to the reality of the air situation. In most cases, gaining air superiority is a fundamental
precondition for land operations.
OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
21. The Offence is the decisive operation of war. The purpose of offensive operations is to
defeat the enemy through the application of focused violence throughout his depth. Manoeuvre
in depth poses an enduring and substantial threat to which the enemy must respond. He is forced
to react, rather than being able to take the initiative.
22. Physical damage of the enemy is merely a means to success and not an end in itself. The
requirement is to create paralysis and confusion thereby destroying the coherence of the defence
by fragmenting and isolating the enemy's combat power. The use of surprise and the
concentration of forces to achieve momentum, which must then be maintained in order to retain
the initiative, can accomplish this. By so doing, the enemy's capability to resist is destroyed.
23. During offensive operations, helicopters can provide the land force commander with
highly effective firepower and manoeuvre together with the capability for a rapid response to any
unexpected situation. The flexibility, mobility, and firepower of tactical aviation assist the
momentum of all offensive operations; aviation is a major force multiplier.
24. The attack helicopter with its highly accurate direct firepower provides an effective
means of attacking the enemy defences, follow-on forces, and withdrawing elements. It can also
provide direct fire support to attacking forces. Utility helicopters may conduct airmobility and
aeromedical evacuation tasks, and can rapidly deploy weapons and troops to seize and hold key
terrain. Reconnaissance helicopters provide reconnaissance and surveillance, direct groundattack
aircraft and adjust artillery, designate targets for other armed helicopters, and may assist in
all aspects of airmobile operations. Transport helicopters complement the sustainment effort and
will be key elements during airmobile operations.
Operations
B-GA-440-000/AF-000 21
DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
25. The usual purpose of a defensive operation is to defeat or deter a threat in order to
provide the right circumstances for offensive action. Offensive action is fundamental to success.
The situation must not arise where the defending force is merely reacting to enemy moves; every
opportunity should be taken to seize the initiative. There are occasions where defensive
operations are unavoidable and may even be desirable. The object will be to force the enemy to
take action that narrows his options, reduces his fighting power and exposes him to a decisive
counter offensive.
26. There are two principal forms of defence: mobile, and area. In mobile defence, the
defender generally does not have a terrain advantage and emphasizes defeating the enemy itself
rather than holding ground. Area defence usually exploits a terrain advantage, and emphasizes
the retention of terrain. The bulk of the defending force is deployed to retain ground using static
defensive positions and small mobile reserves.
Figure 2-2: Aviation in an Area Defence
27. The defence of wide frontages may lead to gaps between defensive positions and on the
flanks. A numerically superior enemy is likely capable of rapidly changing the axis of approach
while attacking. Consequently, immediate responses are required by the defending commander
in order to employ reserves, repel attacks, reinforce success, and to block or counter-attack.
28. Attack Helicopters, with their firepower and mobility provide commanders with an
effective means of countering enemy breakthroughs, and will inflict casualties upon the enemy
until such time as friendly ground forces can be effectively committed to deal with the enemy in
detail. Utility helicopters complement the existing tactical re-supply activities of the land force,
　
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