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Potential to Contribute to China’s Military Capabilities
Military and civilian aerospace technologies do not overlap in all areas. Many military-specific aerospace technologies, such as low-observable technology, low-bypass afterburning turbofan engines, electronic countermeasures, and signals-intelligence satellites, do not have civil-ian counterparts. Similarly, many civilian aerospace technologies do not have military applications. Nonetheless, there are areas of overlap, including computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing technologies, precision machining, composite materials, high-bypass turbofan engines, flight-control systems, space launch vehicles, com-munications satellites, and imagery satellites. Thus, foreign involve-ment in China’s civil aerospace sector unquestionably has the potential to contribute to the development of China’s military capabilities.
Even the manufacturing of components for Western aircraft and engines probably provides some contribution to the development of China’s military capabilities, to the extent to which Chinese enterprises also involved in military aviation production do so, even if no direct technology transfers are involved. The mere act of machining parts to the specifications of Western aerospace manufacturers provides train-ing that is potentially applicable to the machining of parts for military aircraft, especially if representatives of those Western manufacturers are present onsite to provide training and guidance in quality control. And the revenues generated can be used to upgrade the facilities and machine tools of both civilian and military production lines.
Joint ventures can enable the direct transfer of manufactur-ing technology into China, as can the transfer of production licenses (depending on the amount of technical assistance provided with the transfer). Some platforms and technologies are inherently dual-use. The Eurocopter AS365N is a medium utility helicopter with numer-ous civilian applications. The license-produced Chinese version (Z-9), however, is used primarily by the Chinese military.
When foreign companies cooperate with Chinese enterprises in the development of new systems, the potential to contribute to the development of China’s military capabilities is even greater. As noted in Chapter Four, in 1997, Eurocopter received a contract to assist China in developing a new 6-ton transport helicopter. No new transport heli-copter was developed as a result of that project, and it appears that China instead applied the technology acquired to the Z-10 attack heli-copter, which is in the same weight class. Similarly, the knowledge Chinese companies acquire through foreign assistance in the devel-opment of the ARJ21 and C919 could in the future be applied to the development of military airframes. Indeed, aside from acting as troop transports or military cargo aircraft, the ARJ21 and C919 airframes themselves have the potential to form the basis for a variety of special-mission aircraft. Airborne early-warning aircraft have been built on the Embraer ERJ-145 airframe; the U.S. Air Force Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft and Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (J-STARS) are built on the Boeing 707 airframe; and the U.S. Navy’s new P-8 maritime patrol aircraft is built on the Boeing 737 airframe.
　
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