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Ziyuan
Three satellites in the Ziyuan (“Resources”) series have been launched, the first in September 2000 and the last in November 2004. They are officially the Chinese domestic equivalent of the CBERS series and are said to be designed for civilian roles such as territorial surveying, environment monitoring, city planning, crop-yield assessment, disas-ter monitoring, and space-science experimentation. However, the Chi-nese government has never released any information concerning their design or the imaging systems they carry, and they are believed to in fact be military imagery reconnaissance satellites with the military designation JianBing-3. All three are believed to carry CCD cameras with approximately 3-m resolution and infrared multispectral scan-ners. They reportedly have design lives of two to four years, but as of
July 2010, all three were apparently still in operation (“UCS Satellite
Database”; “ZiYuan-2/JianBing-3 Series,” 2010).
Yaogan
Yaogan (“Remote Sensing”) is China’s most recent generation of imagery reconnaissance satellites. It appears to comprise at least two types—SAR satellites (military designator JianBing 5) and optical-reconnaissance satellites (military designator JianBing 6)—and possibly a third type, an ocean-surveillance satellite.
Ten Yaogan satellites have been launched to date. Yaogan 1, launched in April 2006, was China’s first SAR-equipped satellite. Since that time, three additional SAR satellites in the Yaogan series have been launched: Yaogan 3, 5, and 10. The satellites’ radar reportedly operates in the L-band (1–2 GHz) and has resolution as low as 5 m. Yaogan 1 apparently broke up in February 2010, but Yaogan 3, 5, and 10 remain operational (“Yaogan Series,” 2010; “UCS Satellite Database”).
Yaogan 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 are believed to be optical-reconnaissance satellites with resolution of possibly 0.8 m. Yaogan 2 was launched in May 2007, and all five of these satellites are apparently still operational (“Yaogan Series,” 2010; “UCS Satellite Database”).
Yaogan 9, launched in March 2010, may be an ocean-reconnais-sance satellite. It consists of a main satellite and two subsatellites in nearly identical orbits. This configuration resembles that of the U.S. Navy’s Naval Ocean Surveillance Satellite system. The satellites report-edly carry infrared sensors to detect ships and antennas to pick up elec-tronic emissions. The use of three satellites would enable the location of an electronic emitter to be determined through triangulation (Parsons, 2010, p. 14; “Yaogan Series,” 2010).
Position, Navigation, and Timing Satellites
The impetus for developing an indigenous PNT system was first mil-itary, then commercial. Many Chinese weapon systems use GPS to increase their accuracy, but Chinese military leaders, fearing that GPS could be degraded or shut down in a conflict, concluded that they needed their own independent PNT system (Pollpeter, 2007).
　
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