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The space capabilities China now possesses have the potential to significantly increase the effectiveness of its military operations. China’s seven optical reconnaissance satellites (eight, if CBERS 2B is counted) are in orbits that cause them to revisit locations every three to six days, meaning that one or two of them are likely to pass over a given location each day. These satellites have sufficient resolution to detect and identify types of ships, aircraft, and ground vehicles. One of China’s three SAR reconnaissance satellites, which are equally effec-tive at night, is also likely to pass over a given location once or twice a day. These satellites likely have lower resolution than China’s optical-reconnaissance satellites, but they are not significantly affected by the presence of clouds and likely have sufficient resolution to at least deter-mine the presence of aircraft at an airfield and distinguish broad types of ships (e.g., aircraft carriers from cargo ships). Finally, if the Shijian 6 series and Yaogan 9 satellites are indeed electronic-intelligence satel-lites, then they can detect and identify radio-frequency emitters such as radio communications equipment and radar based on their frequency and waveforms.
These reconnaissance satellites could have several effects. Their ability to identify the locations, numbers, and types of enemy forces will reduce the ability of adversaries to achieve operational surprise against China, since China will be able to detect the massing of forces; it will also enable the Chinese military to more effectively conduct its own attacks. For example, China could use its satellites to deter-mine the presence of aircraft on the ground at an airbase and launch a combined air and missile attack against them. The satellites could also enable China to determine the presence and locations of land-based air and missile defense systems (e.g., Patriot) and avoid or neutralize them before launching air and missile attacks on other targets. Similarly, China could use them to locate and attack mobile radio transmitters and command posts, reducing an adversary’s ability to command and communicate with its forces. Finally, in combination with other sys-tems, such as over-the-horizon radar, reconnaissance satellites could be used to find and locate ships at sea, such as aircraft carriers, and then attack them with a variety of weapons, including the anti-ship ballistic missile China is developing. Once an attack has been conducted, more-over, China’s satellites could be used to assess the effectiveness of the attack and whether additional attacks were needed.
PNT satellites provide a number of important military capabili-ties. They can be used as the guidance systems for missiles, gravity bombs, and other types of weapons, enabling all-weather near-preci-sion attacks. They can also be used to guide ships, aircraft, and ground vehicles, enabling precise navigation and maneuvers. Moreover, if Chi-nese vehicles are equipped with PNT satellite receivers and radio trans-mitters that rebroadcast their coordinates, that information could be used as the basis for an identification system. Knowing the locations of friendly units would allow the identity of tracks acquired by sensors such as radars to be more readily determined, enabling enemy units to be attacked more effectively and reducing the likelihood of attacks on friendly units. Finally, the precise timing signals broadcast by satellites in China’s second-generation Compass system can be used to synchro-nize automated data links, enabling high-volume exchanges of data.
　
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