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wire.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 539
solenoid. An electromagnet with a movable iron core that can be pulled into the coil. When current flows
in the coil, the resulting magnetic field pulls the core into its center. When no current is flowing in the coil,
a spring moves the core out of the coil. Solenoids can be used to operate valves, switches, and mechanical
locks, as well as many other types of devices.
solid. A material whose internal structure holds it tightly in its original shape and size. A solid differs from
a liquid, whose structure causes it to hold only its size, not its shape, and a gas, that holds neither its size
nor its shape.
solid conductor (electrical conductor). An electrical conductor made of a single piece of material, usually
wire. Solid conductors are used where vibration is no problem, but stranded conductors are used where
vibration is present.
solid fuel (rocket fuel). Rocket fuel made of a mixture of solid materials that, when ignited, combine fast
enough to produce a great amount of heat. Solid fuel, which contains all the oxygen needed for the reaction,
is molded into a shape that causes it to burn at the correct rate.
solidity (helicopter rotor system). The ratio of the total blade area to the disk area. The disk area is the
area of the circle swept by the rotor as it rotates.
solid solution (metal heat treatment). A uniform combination of the alloying elements in a base metal.
The alloying elements enter into the solid solution when the metal is heated in a furnace and held at a high
temperature long enough for the metal to reach a uniform temperature throughout. When the metal is
uniformly hot, it is removed from the furnace and immediately quenched to lock the alloying elements into
the solid solution.
solid-state device. An electronic component that controls the flow of electrons without the use of any
heated filaments, vacuum spaces, or moving parts. Semiconductor devices such as diodes, transistors, and
silicon controlled rectifiers are examples of solid-state devices.
solo flight (aircraft flight). Flight of an aircraft when there is only one person in the aircraft.
soluble. The condition of a substance that can be dissolved in, or can form a solution with, another
substance. Salt is soluble in water, it will dissolve in water to form a solution of salt and water. Oil is
soluble in gasoline. Oil and gasoline form a solution when they are mixed.
solution. A homogeneous mixture (a mixture that is the same all the way through) of one or more materials
dissolved in another. A solution is a physical mixture, because the parts that make up the solution do not
have to be combined in any exact ratio, as they do in a compound. Either a little bit, or a large amount of
salt can be dissolved in a container of water, to produce a solution of salt water.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
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solution heat treatment (metal heat treatment). A type of heat treatment in which the metal is heated in a
furnace until its temperature is uniform throughout. It is then removed from the furnace and quenched in
cold water. When the metal is hot, the alloying elements enter into a solid solution with the base metal to
become part of its basic structure. When the metal is quenched, the alloying elements remain a part of the
base-metal structure.
If the metal is not immediately quenched after it is removed from the furnace, some of the alloying
elements will precipitate, or settle out, of the solid solution with the base metal, and the grain structure will
enlarge. The metal will not be as strong as it would have been if it were properly quenched, and
intergranular corrosion is likely to form along the enlarged grain boundaries.
solvent. A liquid able to dissolve certain types of solids. Water is a good solvent for some kinds of
chemical materials, such as certain types of salts. Alcohol is a solvent for many materials that cannot be
dissolved in water. Some of the stronger acids, such as hydrofluoric acid, are used as solvents for materials
that cannot be dissolved in any other solvent.
sonar. An electronic detection system used for locating objects in water. Pulses of acoustic energy (energy
whose frequency is within the range that can be heard by the human ear) is transmitted through the water.
This energy travels until it strikes an object, and part of it is reflected back to the sonar receiver where it is
amplified and displayed on a scope or dial.
Sonar is used by the Navy to detect the presence of submarines and by commercial fishermen to
locate schools of fish. Passive sonar does not transmit pulses of energy, but listens for sounds made by the
　
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