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with air in a ratio of between 8 and 18 parts of air for 1 part of fuel, by weight. If there is either more fuel
or more air than this in the mixture, the flame will go out.
rich mixture (fuel-air mixture). An air-fuel mixture that contains less than 15 parts of air to 1 part of fuel,
by weight.
ridge (meteorology). An elongated area of relatively high atmospheric pressure. Ridges are usually
associated with, and most clearly identified as, areas of maximum anticyclonic curvature of the wind flow.
riffle file. A hand file with its teeth formed on the outside of a curved surface that resembles the bowl of a
spoon.
rigging (aircraft maintenance). Adjustment of the wings and tail surfaces of an aircraft to give it the
proper flight characteristics.
rigging pins (aircraft maintenance devices). Special pins installed in holes in an aircraft control system to
hold the components in a specified position when the controls are being rigged and the control cable
tension adjusted.
right angle. An angle of ninety degrees (90°).
right-hand rule for electric generators. The rule for determining the direction of current flow in a wire
passing through a magnetic field. Hold the right hand with the thumb, first finger, and second finger
extended so they are at right angles to each other. When the first finger points in the direction of the lines of
magnetic flux (from the north pole to the south pole), and the thumb points in the direction the wire is
moving through the field, the second finger will point in the direction of current flow (from positive to
negative). This is also known as Fleming’s rule for electric generators.
right-hand rule for the direction of magnetic flux. Place the fingers of the right hand around a
current-carrying conductor in such a way that the thumb points in the direction of conventional current flow
(from positive to negative). The fingers will encircle the wire in the same direction as the lines of flux. This
rule is also known as Fleming’s rule for the direction of magnetic flux.
right-hand threads. Threads that cause a screw or threaded component to advance, or screw in, when it is
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 492
turned in a clockwise direction. Most aircraft threaded components have right-hand threads.
right triangle. A triangle that contains one right (90°) angle.
rigid airship. A form of lighter-than-air flying machine. A rigid airship has a framework of aluminum
alloy covered with fabric. The lifting gas is held inside the rigid framework in separate ballonets.
The German Zeppelins of World War I, the British R-100 and R-101, as well as the U.S. Navy’s
Los Angeles, Shenandoah, Akron and Macon and the German Graf Zeppelin and Hindenburg, are examples
of rigid airships.
rigid conduit. Aluminum alloy tubing used to house electrical wires in areas where they are subject to
mechanical damage.
rigidity in space. The characteristic of a gyroscope that prevents its axis of rotation tilting as the earth
rotates. This characteristic is used for attitude gyro instruments.
rigid rotor (helicopter rotor). A helicopter rotor attached in its hub so its only freedom of movement is
that of changing the blade pitch angle. The blades of a rigid rotor have no hinges that allow them to flap or
drag.
rigid tubing (fluid power systems component). Thin-wall tubing made of stainless steel, aluminum alloy,
or copper, used in aircraft plumbing. Rigid tubing can be used to join components only where there is no
relative movement. If there is relative movement, flexible hose must be used.
rime ice. A type of ice which forms on an aircraft flying through visible moisture (as in a cloud) when the
air temperature is below freezing. Rime ice is made of ice crystals and is rough and milky looking. Rime
ice not only adds weight to the aircraft, but since it is rough, it disturbs the airflow over the wing and tail
surfaces and destroys lift.
ring cowl (reciprocating engine cowling). A type of cowling used to cover an aircraft radial engine. A
ring cowl surrounds the cylinder heads and decreases the aerodynamic drag caused by the cylinders and
improves the flow of cooling air through the cylinder fins. Ring cowls are also called speed rings, or more
properly, Townend rings, after their inventor, English physicist H.L. Townend. See illustration for
Townend ring.
ring gear. One of the gears in a planetary gear system. The teeth are on the inside of the ring gear, and the
planetary gears mounted on pins fastened to the spider-like output shaft mesh with and ride between the
inside the ring gear and the outside of the sun gear. The ring gear can be either rigidly mounted in the gear
　
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