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retract.
truss-type structure. A type of structure made up of longitudinal beams and cross braces. Compression
loads between the main beams are carried by rigid cross braces called compression struts. Tension loads are
carried by stays, or wires, that go from one main beam to the other and cross between the compression
struts.
T-seal. A form of two-way seal used in fluid power components. The cross section of the main seal
element is in the shape of the letter T with the edge of the stem providing the sealing surface. The stem is
backed up on both sides with Teflon backup rings.
TSFC (thrust specific fuel consumption). A measure of the fuel efficiency of a turbojet or turbofan
engine. TSFC is the number of pounds of fuel burned per hour for each pound of thrust produced.
TSO (Technical Standard Order). An approval issued by the FAA for the manufacture of a component
for installation on a certificated aircraft.
tubing cutter (mechanic’s hand tool). A small hand tool used to make a square cut across the end of a
piece of soft metal or plastic tubing. The cutter consists of a set of rollers and a sharp-edged wheel that can
be screwed down so it rolls over the surface of the tubing. The tubing is placed on the rollers, and the wheel
is screwed down against the surface. The cutter is rotated around the tubing and the wheel is moved in so it
cuts deeper into the tubing. This action is continued until the tubing is cut completely through.
tumble limit (gyroscopic flight instrument limitation). The number of degrees of pitch or roll an aircraft
is allowed before a gyroscope in a gyroscopic flight instrument contacts the stops in its gimbal system and
tumbles.
tuned circuit (electronic circuit). A resonant electronic circuit containing both inductance and capacitance.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 599
Either the inductance or the capacitance can be adjusted to change the frequency to which the circuit is
resonant.
tungsten. A hard, grayish-white, brittle, corrosion-resistant, metallic chemical element. Tungsten’s symbol
is W, its atomic number is 74, and its atomic weight is 183.85. Tungsten, which melts at 3,400°C, is used
for incandescent lamp filaments and as an alloying element to give steel toughness and strength at high
temperature.
tunnel diode (electronic component). A semiconductor diode doped with a larger amount of impurity than
is used in an ordinary diode. A tunnel diode has a negative resistance region. Forward current increases
with an increase in forward voltage until peak current is reached. At this point, forward current decreases
with an increase in forward voltage until a valley is reached. This region of decreasing forward current,
with an increase in forward voltage, is called the negative resistance region. Tunnel diodes are used as
high-speed switching diodes.
turbine (axial). A wheel fitted with vanes, or buckets, radiating out from its circumference. Kinetic energy
in a fluid flowing through the vanes is converted into mechanical power by the impulse or reaction of the
fluid with the vanes.
turbine inlet guide vanes (turbine engine component). The special series of stator vanes immediately
ahead of the turbine. The function of the inlet guide vanes is to divert the air to the proper direction to enter
the first-stage turbine, and to provide a series of convergent ducts which increase the velocity of the air.
turbine inlet temperature. See TIT.
turbine nozzle. Another name for turbine inlet guide vanes.
turbocharger (reciprocating engine component). An exhaust-gas-driven air compressor used to increase
the power of a reciprocating engine. A turbocharger uses a small radial-inflow turbine in the exhaust
system of the engine to drive a centrifugal-type air compressor mounted on the turbine shaft. Exhaust gases
spin the turbine, and the compressor compresses air. This compressed air flows into the cylinders of the
engine through the induction system.
A turbocharger uses power from the engine because it increases the exhaust back pressure. But the
compressed air it forces into the cylinders produces a greater power increase than the loss of power caused
by the turbine. Turbocharger is a shortened name for exhaust-driven turbosupercharger.
turbocompound engine (reciprocating engine type). A type of reciprocating engine that recovers some
of the energy normally lost through the exhaust by using a power-recovery turbine (PRT) in the exhaust.
Some of the energy remaining in the exhaust gas leaving the cylinders is used to spin a turbine connected
through a fluid coupling to the crankshaft. A portion of this energy is returned to the crankshaft.
turbofan engine. A type of gas turbine engine that has a set of lengthened blades on the low-pressure
　
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