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is learning to fly an airplane, the flight instructor simulates every emergency situation the student is likely
to encounter. By experiencing these simulated emergencies under controlled conditions, the student will
know how to act if the real emergency ever occurs.
simulator. A device used for training or research that duplicates a piece of complex equipment. Flight
simulators duplicate the cockpit of an airplane. All of the controls and instruments are connected to a
computer that gives the operator the feel and the indications that would exist under actual flight conditions
in a real aircraft.
Emergency and unusual conditions can be simulated and practiced in the simulator far more safely
and economically than can be done in the real aircraft.
sine (trigonometric function). The sine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the side of a right triangle
opposite the angle, to the length of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle). Sine is abbreviated
sin.
sine wave. The waveform of a periodically reversing vibration produced by a rotating machine in which the
instantaneous values of the wave are the peak value multiplied by the sine of the angle through which the
rotating element has turned.
sine-wave alternating current. Alternating current whose waveform is that produced by a rotary generator.
The instantaneous value of sine-wave voltage is found by multiplying its peak value by the sine of the
angle through which the rotor of the generator has turned.
For example, when the rotor has turned 30° from the position in which it produces zero voltage,
the instantaneous voltage is one-half the peak voltage (the maximum voltage it can produce). The sine of
30° is 0.5, or one-half. When the rotor has turned 45°, the instantaneous voltage is 0.707 time the peak
voltage. The sine of 45° is 0.707. When all of the instantaneous values of sine-wave alternating current are
plotted, a smooth sine curve results.
single-acting actuator (fluid power system). A type of actuator in a fluid power system that uses fluid
under pressure to move it in one direction, but a spring to return it. Hydraulic brakes use single-acting
actuators to move the brake shoes out against the rotating drum. Hydraulic pressure moves the shoes out,
but a spring pulls them back when the brake pedal is released.
single-action hand pump. A hand-operated fluid pump that moves fluid only during one stroke of the
pump handle. One stroke pulls the fluid into the pump, and the other forces the fluid out.
single-axis autopilot (aircraft flight control systems). A simple automatic flight control system that
controls the airplane only about its longitudinal, or roll, axis. The autopilot sensor detects any change in
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 529
either roll or yaw and sends a signal to the aileron servos to produce a roll that counteracts the original roll.
Single-axis autopilots are sometimes called wing levelers.
single-cut file (metal-cutting file). A file that has a single row of teeth extending across its face at an angle
of between 65° and 85° to the length of the file.
single-disk brake. An aircraft brake in which a single steel disk rotates with the wheel and rides between
two or more pads, or linings. These linings are mounted in the jaws of a stationary clamp which is closed
by hydraulic pressure. When the brake is applied, the disk is clamped tightly between the linings, and the
resulting friction slows the aircraft and converts energy of motion of the aircraft into heat.
single-face repair (bonded structure repair). The repair to a piece of laminated structural material in
which the damage extends through only one face of the material and partly into the core.
single flare (rigid tubing flare). A flare made on a piece of rigid tubing in which there is only one
thickness of the tubing material in the flare.
single-loop rib stitching (aircraft fabric attachment). A method of attaching the fabric to the wing of an
airplane in which only one loop of rib-stitching cord passes around the rib in each stitch.
single-point fueling (aircraft fueling). A method of filling multiple fuel tanks in large aircraft from a
single fueling point. The fuel hose is attached to the fueling station in the aircraft, and the correct tank
valves are opened. Fuel flows into the tank until either the correct level is reached or the tank is full. Then,
fuel to that tank is automatically shut off.
Single-point fueling is fast, efficient, and safe, and it is used on almost all transport-type aircraft.
single-point grounding (electrical grounding). A method of grounding an electrical circuit by connecting
all of the wires that go to ground to a single point on the equipment chassis. When single-point grounding
　
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