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wake. The high-velocity stream of turbulent air behind an operating aircraft engine.
wake turbulence (aircraft operation). The disturbed air left behind an airplane. At one time, it was
thought that the rough air behind and below an airplane in flight was caused by the propeller slipstream.
But this turbulence is actually caused by air spilling over the wing tips and forming tornado-like vortices.
Wake turbulence also includes thrust stream turbulence, jet blast, jet wash, propeller wash, and
rotor wash, both on the ground and in the air.
walk-around bottle (oxygen bottle). A small steel cylinder containing aviators breathing oxygen. The
walk-around bottle is fastened to the flight suit and attached to the oxygen mask to supply the aviator with
oxygen as he or she walks around the aircraft.
When the aviator is at his or her regular duty station, the walk-around bottle is disconnected, and
the oxygen mask is plugged into the built-in oxygen system.
wall cloud (meteorology). The well-defined bank of vertically developed clouds having a wall-like
appearance and which form the outer boundary of the eye of a well-developed tropical cyclone.
Wankel engine. A form of rotary, internal combustion engine. Instead of using cylinders and moving
pistons, the Wankel engine uses a rounded, triangular-shaped rotor, with sliding seals that form the
combustion space inside an oblong circular chamber. Expanding gases from the burning fuel-air mixture
press against the rotor and rotate it and the drive shaft geared to it.
warm. A term used to identify a relative condition of temperature; it is opposed to cool. A warm wind is a
movement of air whose temperature is slightly higher than the temperature of the person upon whom it is
blowing.
warm front (meteorology). The surface between two air masses in which a mass of warm air is flowing
over a mass of colder air. Warm fronts usually bring low ceilings, fog, and light but steady rain.
warm-up time. The time needed for certain types of components or systems to reach their normal
operating temperature. Aircraft reciprocating engines must be operated for a specified warm-up time before
they are safe for takeoff.
warning area (aircraft navigation). An area containing hazards to any aircraft not participating in the
activities being conducted in the area. Warning areas may contain intensive military training, gunnery
exercises, or special weapons testing.
warning horn. An aural warning device that is used in conjunction with warning lights to alert the flight
crew of a dangerous condition. A continuous warning horn alerts the pilot that the landing gear is not down
and locked when either of the throttles is retarded for landing.
An intermittent warning horn sounds when the thrust levers are advanced for takeoff if certain
conditions exist that could make takeoff dangerous.
warning lights. Indicator lights installed in the cockpit of an aircraft to warn the flight crew of some unsafe
condition. Overheat conditions, low fuel supply, low oil pressure, unlocked doors, or landing gear in an
unsafe position are all indicated by warning lights.
warp clock. An alignment indicator included in a structural repair manual to show the orientation of the
plies of a composite material. The ply direction is shown in relation to a reference direction.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 625
warp threads (fabric). Threads that run the length of a piece of fabric. Threads that run across the fabric
are called woof, or fill, threads.
warp tracers. Threads of a different color from the warp threads that are woven into a material to identify
the direction of the warp threads.
Warren truss. A type of structural truss in which the main lengthwise members are separated by rigid
diagonal members that carry both tensile and compressive loads. Most welded-steel truss fuselages are
Warren truss structures.
washer (type of hardware). A flat metal disk with a hole in its center used to provide a smooth surface for
a nut or the bolt head to seat against. Washers are also used to shim, or fill a space, between a nut and a
surface to take up space if the grip length of the bolt is too long for the material being clamped.
wash-in (airplane rigging). A condition in airplane rigging in which a wing is twisted so its angle of
incidence is greater at the tip than at the root. Washing-in a wing increases the lift to correct for a
wing-heavy condition.
wash-out (airplane rigging). A condition in airplane rigging in which a wing is twisted so its angle of
incidence is less at the tip than at the root. Wash-out decreases the lift the wing produces. If an airplane is
left-wing-heavy, the left wing can be washed in and the right wing washed out.
　
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