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even the relationships with the neighbors are very intimate and sincere.
However, it can be claimed that the eastern part of Turkey are more collectivist than the
western Turkey. In the big cities, individualism is practised to a certain extend but it is hard to
claim that Turkish society is individualist. On the other hand, the companies are more
individualist than the society.
4. INDIVIDUALISM AND BUSINESS
Hofstede suggests that “management means getting thing done through other people. (...)
In order to achieve this, one has to know what needs to be done and one has to know the people
involved.” People’s present and future can be predicted by understanding their background. It is
important to learn about peoples national culture since they are exposed to that culture from birth
onwards and internalize this culture’s characteristics.1
An individualistic country reflects its individualism to organizational structure of the
companies and business approach. Collectivism favors group rewards and family enterprises,
while individualism favors easy job-hopping and individual rewards.4
As national character affects business, business influences national character, too.
Individualism is related to national wealth (Gross National Product per Capita) and increase in
national wealth might result in increase in the individualist charcteristics of the society.3
5. CONCLUSION
Even though the survey, on which Hofstede’s dimensions are based, is almost 40 years
old, these national dimension scores seem to be still valid in terms of their relative positions. The
same can be claimed for Rotter locus of control scale. When we compared the scores from these
researches to SAC participants’ opinions of their own countries, some small differences can be
7
observed. However, this deviation can be ignored since the participants don’t represent the
society as a whole and there are not an acceptable number of people for this survey.
For individualists, self-reliance, individual achievement and responsibility are significant.
On the other hand, social interaction is still essential for the survival of any group and
collectivism helps social exchanges in groups of individuals. Therefore, collectivism and team
work are as important as individualism. In SAC Budapest 2007, not only we learn how to work
and think independently and express our orginal ideas that result from our uniqueness, but also
the importance of team work, cooperation, living and working together in harmony.
6. REFERENCES
Dahl, Stephan. Communications and Culture Transformation. 25 June 2007.
<http://stephweb.com/capstone>
Hofstede, Geert. Business Cultures. UNESCO Courier April 94, vol. 47 issue 4, p 12
Hofstede, Geert and McCrae, Robert R. Personality and Culture Revisited: Linking Traits and
Dimensions of Culture. Cross-Cultural Resarch, SAGE Publications 2004; 38; 52.
Realo, Anu et al. Three Components of Individualism. Europian Journal of Personality 16, 2002.
p 163-184.
Smith, Peter B., Trompenaars, Fons and Dugan, Shaun. The Rotter Locus Control Scale in 43
Countries: A Test of Cultural Relativity. International Journal of Psychology, 1995, 30,
p 377-400.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
RELATED WITH PROJECT MANAGEMENT
ESTIEM
SAC 2007 HUNGARY
DENIZ KAHRIMAN
Dokuz Eylul Universitesi , Izmir, TURKEY
deniz_kahriman@hotmail.com
Abstract
The purpose of this thesis is to explain kinds of innovations and why we need them according
to technological changes and length of the product life cycle. Since project managers are
responsible of implementing innovations, the methods that PM can use are also explained.
Keywords
Technology Changes and Innovations ,Technological Change and Length of the Product Life
Cycle, Stage-Gate Development Funnel, Project Management
Introduction
This paper is written to analyze technology changes and innovations related with project
management. As an introduction, some of important terms are given in order to understand
the whole subject .Then several topics about innovation and innovative organization is
mentioned. At the end, an innovation project implementation method is explained which can
be used by project managers.
Technology Changes and Innovations
Technological changes can be divided into two groups as Quantum Technological Change
and Incremental Technological Change.
Quantum Technological Change: A fundamental shift in technology that revolutionizes
products or the way they are produced.
Here are some examples of quantum technological changes which is written under The
Kondratjev-Cycles that changed lots of things around the world.
The Kondratjev- Cycles
　
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