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combinations. ATC clearances are in no way intended
to place the helicopter in a hazardous position. It is
expected that pilots will advise ATC if a specific
clearance will cause undue hazards to persons or
property.
b. Controllers normally limit ATC ground service
and instruction to movement areas; therefore,
operations from nonmovement areas are conducted at
pilot discretion and should be based on local policies,
procedures, or letters of agreement. In order to
maximize the flexibility of helicopter operations, it is
necessary to rely heavily on sound pilot judgment.
For example, hazards such as debris, obstructions,
vehicles, or personnel must be recognized by the
pilot, and action should be taken as necessary to avoid
such hazards. Taxi, hover taxi, and air taxi operations
are considered to be ground movements. Helicopters
conducting such operations are expected to adhere to
the same conditions, requirements, and practices as
apply to other ground taxiing and ATC procedures in
the AIM.
AIM 2/14/08
4-3-14 Airport Operations
1. The phraseology taxi is used when it is
intended or expected that the helicopter will taxi on
the airport surface, either via taxiways or other
prescribed routes. Taxi is used primarily for
helicopters equipped with wheels or in response to a
pilot request. Preference should be given to this
procedure whenever it is necessary to minimize
effects of rotor downwash.
2. Pilots may request a hover taxi when slow
forward movement is desired or when it may be
appropriate to move very short distances. Pilots
should avoid this procedure if rotor downwash is
likely to cause damage to parked aircraft or if blowing
dust/snow could obscure visibility. If it is necessary
to operate above 25 feet AGL when hover taxiing, the
pilot should initiate a request to ATC.
3. Air taxi is the preferred method for helicopter
ground movements on airports provided ground
operations and conditions permit. Unless otherwise
requested or instructed, pilots are expected to remain
below 100 feet AGL. However, if a higher than
normal airspeed or altitude is desired, the request
should be made prior to lift‐off. The pilot is solely
responsible for selecting a safe airspeed for the
altitude/operation being conducted. Use of air taxi
enables the pilot to proceed at an optimum
airspeed/altitude, minimize downwash effect, conserve
fuel, and expedite movement from one point to
another. Helicopters should avoid overflight of other
aircraft, vehicles, and personnel during air‐taxi
operations. Caution must be exercised concerning
active runways and pilots must be certain that air taxi
instructions are understood. Special precautions may
be necessary at unfamiliar airports or airports with
multiple/intersecting active runways. The taxi
procedures given in paragraph 4-3-18, Taxiing,
paragraph 4-3-19, Taxi During Low Visibility, and
paragraph 4-3-20, Exiting the Runway After
Landing, also apply.
REFERENCEPilot/
Controller Glossary Term- Taxi.
Pilot/Controller Glossary Term- Hover Taxi.
Pilot/Controller Glossary Term- Air Taxi.
c. Takeoff and Landing Procedures.
1. Helicopter operations may be conducted
from a runway, taxiway, portion of a landing strip, or
any clear area which could be used as a landing site
such as the scene of an accident, a construction site,
or the roof of a building. The terms used to describe
designated areas from which helicopters operate are:
movement area, landing/takeoff area, apron/ramp,
heliport and helipad (See Pilot/Controller Glossary).
These areas may be improved or unimproved and
may be separate from or located on an airport/
heliport. ATC will issue takeoff clearances from
movement areas other than active runways, or in
diverse directions from active runways, with
additional instructions as necessary. Whenever
possible, takeoff clearance will be issued in lieu of
extended hover/air taxi operations. Phraseology will
be “CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF FROM (taxiway,
helipad, runway number, etc.), MAKE RIGHT/
LEFT TURN FOR (direction, heading, NAVAID
radial) DEPARTURE/DEPARTURE ROUTE (number,
name, etc.).” Unless requested by the pilot,
downwind takeoffs will not be issued if the tailwind
exceeds 5 knots.
2. Pilots should be alert to wind information as
well as to wind indications in the vicinity of the
helicopter. ATC should be advised of the intended
method of departing. A pilot request to takeoff in a
given direction indicates that the pilot is willing to
accept the wind condition and controllers will honor
　
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