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5-4
Figure 5-7. Example of Class C airspace on a sectional.
Class
DEntry RequirementsMinimum Pilot QualificationsTwo-Way Radio CommunicationsVFR Visibility MinimumVFR Minimum Distance from CloudsPrior two-way communicationsStudent certificateYes3 statute miles500' below,1,000' above, 2,000' horizontal
Figure 5-5. Class D airspace.
Class
CEntry RequirementsMinimum Pilot QualificationsTwo-Way Radio CommunicationsVFR Visibility MinimumVFR Minimum Distance from CloudsPrior two-way communicationsStudent certificateYes3 statute miles500' below,1,000' above, 2,000' horizontal
Figure 5-6. Class C airspace.
Visibility and cloud clearances for operations conducted in Class E airspace are similar to those of the Class G airspace. If balloon operations are being conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, visibility is three statute miles and the basic VFR cloud clearance requirements of 1,000 feet above, 500 feet below, and 2,000 feet horizontal (remember the C152 mnemonic). Operations above 10,000 feet MSL require visibility of five statute miles and cloud clearance of 1,000 feet above, 1,000 feet below, and one statute mile horizontally.Class D Airspace
Class D is that airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet AGL (but charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower. [Figures 5-2 and 5-5] The configuration of each Class D airspace area is individually tailored. When instrument procedures are published, the airspace is normally designed to contain the procedures.
Unless otherwise authorized, each aircraft must establish two-way radio communications with the ATC facility providing air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintain those communications while in the airspace. Balloon pilots approaching Class D airspace should call the ATC facility at a point where, if entry is denied, a safe landing can still be executed. It is important to understand that if the controller responds to the initial radio call without using the balloon’s call sign, radio communications have not been established, and the balloon may not enter the Class D airspace. Many airports associated with Class D airspace do not operate on a 24-hour-a-day basis. When not in operation, the airspace will normally revert to Class E or G airspace, with no communications requirements. In either case, balloon pilots are reminded that, in the absence of an emergency situation, there is no absolute requirement to land at the airport associated with the Class D airspace. In most cases, the first radio call will be made at a distance of five statute miles from the airport.
Balloon pilots operating in the vicinity of an airport should exercise discretion. While balloons indeed have the right of way over all powered aircraft as stated in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, section 91.113, a pilot would cause less disruption by landing well short of the airport. This is nothing more than common courtesy and common sense. The visibility requirement for Class D airspace is three statute miles; cloud clearances are the standard VFR 1,000/500/2,000.Class C Airspace
Class C airspace normally extends from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation surrounding those airports having an operational control tower, that are serviced by a radar approach control, and with a certain number of IFR or passenger operations. [Figures 5-2 and 5-6] This airspace is charted in feet MSL, and is generally of a five NM radius surface area that extends from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation, and a 10 NM radius area that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation. There is also a noncharted outer area with a 20 NM radius, which extends from the surface to 4,000 feet above the primary airport, and this area may include one or more satellite airports. [Figure 5-7]
5-5
Class
BEntry RequirementsMinimum Pilot QualificationsTwo-Way Radio CommunicationsVFR Visibility MinimumVFR Minimum Distance from CloudsATC clearancePrivate or student certificationLocal restrictions applyYes3 statute milesClear of clouds
Figure 5-8. Class B airspace.
Balloon operations in Class C airspace, while technically feasible, are usually not advisable. To fly an aircraft in Class C airspace requires not only a two-way radio to establish and maintain contact with ATC, but also an encoding transponder. Very few balloons carry a transponder in normal operations. As a practical matter, under certain circumstances and with prior coordination, it is possible to enter or depart Class C airspace without an operational transponder, but the practice is generally discouraged. It is possible to fly in the vicinity of a Class C airport; for example, under the lower lateral limits of the outer layer, without needing to penetrate the inner circle. Again, a balloon pilot is well advised to remain clear of the controlled airspace, as a matter of common courtesy and good public relations.
Cloud clearances in Class C airspace are the same as Class D airspace: visibility of three statute miles and a distance from clouds of 1,000/500/2,000.Class B Airspace
　
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