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Use tank heaters and heat tapes with extra caution. Tanks must not be heated in an area within 50 feet of an open flame, near an appliance with a pilot light, or in a closed area without natural ventilation.
Pilots, as well as crew, should be dressed appropriately for the environment. Layered clothing that entraps warm air is standard cold weather gear. Note that cold weather environments commonly promote static electricity. It is important that clothing of natural fibers be used, rather than synthetics. A hat is important, as significant body heat escapes from the head. Warm gloves and footwear are a must. Remember that certain types of hypoxia, or lack of oxygen to the brain (discussed in Chapter 9, Aeromedical Factors), may be aggravated by exposure to continued cold. Pilots and crew should be aware of the symptoms of hypothermia and frostbite, guard against them, and have a plan in place to deal with potential medical emergencies.
From an equipment standpoint, the balloon requires no special preparation, other than insuring proper pressure in the fuel system. Pilots should be aware that seals and O-rings may shrink somewhat or become brittle in cold weather. This may cause a propane leak, and special caution should be taken
3-11
Figure 3-14. Mountain flying.
Communications in mountainous terrain can be a significant factor because most radios used by balloonists are line of sight, and will not work well, if at all, in particularly hilly or mountainous terrain. Cell phones may be used after landing, but again may be limited by the lack of cell towers and general reception problems. A good communications plan between pilot and ground crew includes a “lost balloon” contact with a common phone number that both parties call in order to find where the other is. This could possibly be a person at home, willing to relay the information as necessary, or perhaps an answering machine from which both the pilot and crew may retrieve messages.
Mountain flying that involves long distances requires appropriate clothing. Refer to the earlier paragraph on dressing for cold weather flying, which also applies to mountain flying. Good preflight planning will ensure that the pilot and passengers are prepared for a cold weather flight. It also prepares for the possibility of remaining out in the cold while the ground crew locates the balloon, since following a balloon can be difficult in mountainous terrain. Some pilots carry additional equipment in the balloon that they do not carry on flatland flights. Suggested provisions and equipment are water, additional warm clothing or a sleeping bag, a strobe, a radio, a compass, a lightweight shelter (a Mylar® sheet can be made into a simple tent, for example), and a good map or maps of the area.
The Ground Crew
As ground crew have no legal status or authority within 14 CFR, it is easy to overlook or downplay their role in the preflight process, as well as flight safety. Ground crew knowledge and skill bring both the brains and brawn necessary at every stage of a flight—from equipment set-up and flight path plotting to taking inflight wind readings and assisting challenging landings. Without sufficient crew, a pilot becomes rushed, distracted, uninformed, or in the midst of hazardous conditions. Ground crews serve not only as physical help and assistance, but also serve as a form of redundancy for a pilot’s eyes, muscles, and mind. [Figure 3-15]
While crew requirements may vary from flight to flight, consider the following during the preflight process:
• Two crew members to assist is a good starting point. During the chase phase, one may drive while the other navigates; two may handle emergencies better than one. Words of caution: more is not always better. In some cases, passengers on board the balloon may be able and willing to help pack and unpack equipment. Another factor may be the capacity of the chase vehicle.
during the equipment preflight process to ensure that this will not be an issue. The pilot and chase crew should also be careful not to pack snow in the envelope, particularly if the balloon will be stored for a long period of time before the next flight. With respect to the chase vehicle, remember to have antifreeze in the cooling system. It is advisable to carry chains, a shovel, and a windshield wiper/scraper if there is a possibility of snow.Mountain Flying
Flying in mountainous terrain can provide one of the most exhilarating flights imaginable, but there are numerous planning factors that must be considered. [Figure 3-14]
Weather, with its associated phenomena, is perhaps the most important to understand of the many factors involved in mountain flying. When inflating a balloon, drainage winds (a form of orographic wind) may cause the envelope to move from its planned position, and may even roll back over the basket, pilot, and crew. As most weather forecasts do not address this issue, consult with local pilots regarding these wind’s formation, strength, and onset. In flight, winds flowing across mountain terrain set up features, such as rotors and standing waves (discussed in Chapter 4, Weather) which may cause a complete loss of control of the balloon. Other less violent winds may cause the balloon to proceed in unplanned directions, and require adjustments to landing and retrieval plans. It is important that any pilot contemplating flight in mountainous terrain be aware of these potential conditions, and plan to minimize their effects.
　
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