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Types of Stability ......................................................4-20
Effects of Stable and Unstable Air ...........................4-21
Weather Hazards ..........................................................4-21
Turbulence ...............................................................4-21
Thermal .................................................................4-21
Mechanical ............................................................4-22
Frontal ...................................................................4-22
Wind Shear ...........................................................4-22
Obstructions and Wind .............................................4-23
Mountain Wave .....................................................4-23
Rotors ....................................................................4-24
Thunderstorms ..........................................................4-24
Structure of Thunderstorms ..................................4-25
Stages in Thunderstorm Development ..................4-25
Minimum Factors .................................................4-27
Summary ..................................................................4-27
How to Obtain Weather Information ...........................4-28
Sources for Weather Information ............................4-28
FAA Flight Service Stations (FSS) ......................4-28
Internet Sources ....................................................4-28
Interpreting Weather Charts and Reports .................4-29
Surface Analysis Chart .........................................4-29
Weather Depiction Chart ......................................4-31
Radar Summary Chart (SD) ..................................4-31
Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................4-32
Stability/Lifted Index Chart ..................................4-32
Constant Pressure Analysis Charts ......................4-33
Significant Weather Prognostic Charts .................4-34
Additional Weather Information ..............................4-34
Skew-T Plots .........................................................4-34
Velocity Azimuth Display (VAD)Winds ..............4-35
Aviation Forecasts ...................................................4-36
Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast .................4-36
ix
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) ........4-37
Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF) ..................4-38
Area Forecasts (FA) ..............................................4-39
Inflight Weather Advisories ..................................4-39
Significant Meteorological Information ...............4-40
Convective Significant Meteorological Information (WST) ...................................................................4-40
Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) ...........................4-40
Chapter Summary ........................................................4-41
Chapter 5
The National Airspace System ...........................5-1
Introduction ....................................................................5-1
Airspace Classification ..................................................5-2
Uncontrolled Airspace ................................................5-2
Class G Airspace .....................................................5-2
Controlled Airspace ....................................................5-3
Class E Airspace .....................................................5-3
Class D Airspace .....................................................5-4
Class C Airspace .....................................................5-4
Class B Airspace .....................................................5-5
Class A Airspace .....................................................5-5
Special Use Airspace ..................................................5-5
Prohibited Areas .....................................................5-6
Restricted Areas ......................................................5-6
Military Operation Areas ........................................5-7
Alert Areas ..............................................................5-7
Controlled Firing Areas ..........................................5-8
Other Airspace Areas .................................................5-8
Airport Advisory Areas ..........................................5-8
Military Training Routes (MTRs) ...........................5-8
Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs) ....................5-8
National Security Areas ..........................................5-9
Radio Communications ..................................................5-9
Phonetic Alphabet ....................................................5-10
Radio Procedures ......................................................5-10
　
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