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RIGHT WRONG
Figure 3-13. Parallax view.
Figure 3-12. Right and wrong posture while seated in the
airplane.
Ch 03.qxd 7/13/04 11:08 AM Page 3-11
3-12
During all turns, the ailerons, rudder, and elevator are
used to correct minor variations in pitch and bank just
as they are in straight-and-level flight.
The rollout from a turn is similar to the roll-in except
the flight controls are applied in the opposite direction.
Aileron and rudder are applied in the direction of the
rollout or toward the high wing. As the angle of bank
decreases, the elevator pressure should be relaxed as
necessary to maintain altitude.
Since the airplane will continue turning as long as there
is any bank, the rollout must be started before reaching
the desired heading. The amount of lead required to roll
out on the desired heading will depend on the degree of
bank used in the turn. Normally, the lead is one-half the
degrees of bank. For example, if the bank is 30°, lead the
rollout by 15°. As the wings become level, the control
pressures should be smoothly relaxed so that the controls
are neutralized as the airplane returns to straight-andlevel
flight. As the rollout is being completed, attention
should be given to outside visual references, as well as
the attitude and heading indicators to determine that the
wings are being leveled and the turn stopped.
Instruction in level turns should begin with medium
turns, so that the student has an opportunity to grasp
the fundamentals of turning flight without having
to deal with overbanking tendency, or the inherent
stability of the airplane attempting to level the
wings. The instructor should not ask the student to
roll the airplane from bank to bank, but to change
its attitude from level to bank, bank to level, and so
on with a slight pause at the termination of each
phase. This pause allows the airplane to free itself
from the effects of any misuse of the controls and
assures a correct start for the next turn. During
these exercises, the idea of control forces, rather
than movement, should be emphasized by pointing
out the resistance of the controls to varying forces
applied to them. The beginning student should be
encouraged to use the rudder freely. Skidding in this
phase indicates positive control use, and may be
easily corrected later. The use of too little rudder, or
rudder use in the wrong direction at this stage of
training, on the other hand, indicates a lack of
proper conception of coordination.
In practicing turns, the action of the airplane’s nose
will show any error in coordination of the controls.
Often, during the entry or recovery from a bank, the
nose will describe a vertical arc above or below the
horizon, and then remain in proper position after the
bank is established. This is the result of lack of timing
and coordination of forces on the elevator and rudder
controls during the entry and recovery. It indicates that
the student has a knowledge of correct turns, but that
entry and recovery techniques are in error.
Because the elevator and ailerons are on one control,
and pressures on both are executed simultaneously, the
beginning pilot is often apt to continue pressure on one
of these unintentionally when force on the other only
is intended. This is particularly true in left-hand turns,
because the position of the hands makes correct
movements slightly awkward at first. This is sometimes
responsible for the habit of climbing slightly in
right-hand turns and diving slightly in left-hand
turns. This results from many factors, including the
unequal rudder pressures required to the right and to
the left when turning, due to the torque effect.
The tendency to climb in right-hand turns and descend
in left-hand turns is also prevalent in airplanes having
side-by-side cockpit seating. In this case, it is due to
the pilot’s being seated to one side of the longitudinal
axis about which the airplane rolls. This makes the
nose appear to rise during a correctly executed left turn
and to descend during a correctly executed right turn.
An attempt to keep the nose on the same apparent level
will cause climbing in right turns and diving in left
turns.
Excellent coordination and timing of all the controls in
turning requires much practice. It is essential that this
coordination be developed, because it is the very basis
of this fundamental flight maneuver.
If the body is properly relaxed, it will act as a pendulum
and may be swayed by any force acting on it.
During a skid, it will be swayed away from the turn,
　
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