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other than desired, an immediate correction is made
to return the airplane to the proper attitude.
Continuous checks and immediate corrections will
allow little chance for the airplane to deviate from
the desired heading, altitude, and flightpath.
• The airplane’s attitude is confirmed by referring to
flight instruments, and its performance checked. If
airplane performance, as indicated by flight instruments,
indicates a need for correction, a specific
amount of correction must be determined, then
applied with reference to the natural horizon. The airplane’s
attitude and performance are then rechecked
by referring to flight instruments. The pilot then
maintains the corrected attitude by reference to the
natural horizon.
• The pilot should monitor the airplane’s performance
by making numerous quick glances at the
flight instruments. No more than 10 percent of the
pilot’s attention should be inside the cockpit. The
pilot must develop the skill to instantly focus on
the appropriate flight instrument, and then immediately
return to outside reference to control the
airplane’s attitude.
The pilot should become familiar with the relationship
between outside references to the natural horizon and
the corresponding indications on flight instruments
inside the cockpit. For example, a pitch attitude adjustment
may require a movement of the pilot’s reference
point on the airplane of several inches in relation to the
natural horizon, but correspond to a small fraction of
an inch movement of the reference bar on the airplane’s
attitude indicator. Similarly, a deviation from
desired bank, which is very obvious when referencing
the wingtip’s position relative to the natural horizon,
may be nearly imperceptible on the airplane’s attitude
indicator to the beginning pilot.
The use of integrated flight instruction does not, and is
not intended to prepare pilots for flight in instrument
weather conditions. The most common error made by the
beginning student is to make pitch or bank corrections
while still looking inside the cockpit. Control pressure is
applied, but the beginning pilot, not being familiar with
the intricacies of flight by references to instruments,
including such things as instrument lag and gyroscopic
precession, will invariably make excessive attitude corrections
and end up “chasing the instruments.” Airplane
attitude by reference to the natural horizon, however, is
immediate in its indications, accurate, and presented
many times larger than any instrument could be. Also,
the beginning pilot must be made aware that anytime, for
whatever reason, airplane attitude by reference to the natural
horizon cannot be established and/or maintained, the
situation should be considered a bona fide emergency.
STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT
It is impossible to emphasize too strongly the necessity
for forming correct habits in flying straight and
level. All other flight maneuvers are in essence a
deviation from this fundamental flight maneuver.
Many flight instructors and students are prone to
believe that perfection in straight-and-level flight
will come of itself, but such is not the case. It is not
uncommon to find a pilot whose basic flying ability
consistently falls just short of minimum expected
standards, and upon analyzing the reasons for the
shortcomings to discover that the cause is the inability
to fly straight and level properly.
Straight-and-level flight is flight in which a constant
heading and altitude are maintained. It is accomplished
by making immediate and measured corrections for deviations
in direction and altitude from unintentional slight
turns, descents, and climbs. Level flight, at first, is a matter
of consciously fixing the relationship of the position of
some portion of the airplane, used as a reference point, with
the horizon. In establishing the reference points, the
instructor should place the airplane in the desired position
and aid the student in selecting reference points. The
instructor should be aware that no two pilots see this relationship
exactly the same. The references will depend on
where the pilot is sitting, the pilot’s height (whether short
or tall), and the pilot’s manner of sitting. It is, therefore,
important that during the fixing of this relationship, the
pilot sit in a normal manner; otherwise the points will not
be the same when the normal position is resumed.
In learning to control the airplane in level flight, it is
important that the student be taught to maintain a light
　
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