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and cockpit safety for years. The checklist is an
aid to the memory and helps to ensure that critical
items necessary for the safe operation of aircraft are
not overlooked or forgotten. However, checklists are
of no value if the pilot is not committed to its use.
Without discipline and dedication to using the checklist
at the appropriate times, the odds are on the side of
error. Pilots who fail to take the checklist seriously
become complacent and the only thing they can rely
on is memory.
The importance of consistent use of checklists cannot
be overstated in pilot training. A major objective in
primary flight training is to establish habit patterns that
will serve pilots well throughout their entire flying
career. The flight instructor must promote a positive
attitude toward the use of checklists, and the student
pilot must realize its importance. At a minimum, prepared
checklists should be used for the following
phases of flight.
• Preflight Inspection.
• Before Engine Start.
• Engine Starting.
• Before Taxiing.
• Before Takeoff.
• After Takeoff.
• Cruise.
• Descent.
• Before Landing.
• After Landing.
• Engine Shutdown and Securing.
POSITIVE TRANSFER OF CONTROLS
During flight training, there must always be a clear
understanding between the student and flight instructor
of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to any
dual training flight, a briefing should be conducted
that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight
controls. The following three-step process for the
exchange of flight controls is highly recommended.
When a flight instructor wishes the student to take
control of the aircraft, he/she should say to the student,
“You have the flight controls.” The student
should acknowledge immediately by saying, “I have
the flight controls.” The flight instructor confirms by
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again saying, “You have the flight controls.” Part of
the procedure should be a visual check to ensure that
the other person actually has the flight controls. When
returning the controls to the flight instructor, the student
should follow the same procedure the instructor
used when giving control to the student. The student
should stay on the controls until the instructor says:
“I have the flight controls.” There should never be
any doubt as to who is flying the airplane at any one
time. Numerous accidents have occurred due to a lack
of communication or misunderstanding as to who
actually had control of the aircraft, particularly
between students and flight instructors. Establishing
the above procedure during initial training will ensure
the formation of a very beneficial habit pattern.
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VISUAL INSPECTION
The accomplishment of a safe flight begins with a careful
visual inspection of the airplane. The purpose of the
preflight visual inspection is twofold: to determine that
the airplane is legally airworthy, and that it is in condition
for safe flight. The airworthiness of the airplane is
determined, in part, by the following certificates and
documents, which must be on board the airplane when
operated. [Figure 2-1]
Airworthiness certificate.
Registration certificate.
FCC radio station license, if required by the type
of operation.
Airplane operating limitations, which may be in
the form of an FAA-approved Airplane Flight
Manual and/or Pilot’s Operating Handbook
(AFM/POH), placards, instrument markings, or
any combination thereof.
Airplane logbooks are not required to be kept in the
airplane when it is operated. However, they should be
inspected prior to flight to show that the airplane has
had required tests and inspections. Maintenance
records for the airframe and engine are required to be
kept. There may also be additional propeller records.
At a minimum, there should be an annual inspection
within the preceding 12-calendar months. In addition,
the airplane may also be required to have a 100-hour
inspection in accordance with Title14 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, section
91.409(b).
If a transponder is to be used, it is required to be
inspected within the preceding 24-calendar months. If
the airplane is operated under instrument flight rules
(IFR) in controlled airspace, the pitot-static system is
also required to be inspected within the preceding
　
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