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Throughout this manual, techniques that help build good CRM habit patterns on the flight deck are discussed. Situational awareness and communications are stressed. Situational awareness, or the ability to accurately perceive what is going on in the flight deck and outside the aircraft, requires on-going questioning, cross-checking, communication and refinement of perception.
It is important that all flight deck crew identify and communicate any situation that appears unsafe or out of the ordinary. Experience has proven that the most effective way to maintain safety of flight and resolve these situations is to combine the skills and experience of all crew members in the decision making process to determine the safest course of action.
THREAT.AND.ERROR.MANAGEMENT.(TEM) General
Threat and error management is the process that effective crews follow to manage the safe and efficient operation of their aircraft. This is the first time that the industry has been able to define airmanship in a practical and simple manner and has now become the governing philosophy that helps guide everything we do in flight operations.
Threats are those contingencies that add additional complexity to the operation and increase the potential for error. They can be obvious ones such as a thunderstorm off the end of the runway or can be seemingly insignificant, such as an ACARS printer failure. All, however, increase the potential for error and all have to be properly managed. Good threat management requires good anticipation, sharing the threat with the other crew and the development of a strategy.
Error management (Resolve Phase) is the tool that the crew use to minimise the consequence of an error. This involves the use of a combination of non-technical (CRM) and technical (operational) skills. At its very core is the importance of monitoring and the ability to challenge once an unsafe situation is detected.
2.40.2

A330/A340 General Information
REV 1 (6 JUN 05)
FCTM  CRM And TEM
Monitoring
Effective monitoring requires sensible workload management to ensure that the PNF is not overloaded at a critical phase of flight. This may involve delaying certain tasks to a more appropriate time (Aviate, Navigate, Communicate). Effective monitoring also involves the sharing of a mental model with the PNF. This principle is known as communication of intent. In its simplest form, communications of intent is achieved through the C-TWO departure and arrival briefing.
Challenge
All crew members have the responsibility to advise the Commander any time that an unsafe or potentially unsafe condition exists. The following strategy is recommended:
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Supportive statement: express personal concern, using standard calls if possible.

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Question: determine the PF's plan, e.g. "Will you be fully stabilised by 1000 ft?".

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Solution: offer an alternative, e.g. "Would you like some extra track miles?".

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Action: "Captain you MUST LISTEN" or, if circumstances require, take over.

However, we must never become over assertive to the extent that we challenge routine decisions. The strategy recommended above is for dealing with unsafe situations only.

A330/A340 2.50.1 Operating Policy
FCTM REV 1 (6 JUN 05)
CALLOUTS
Avoid casual and non-essential conversation during critical phases of flight, particularly during taxi, take-off, approach and landing. The PF makes callouts based on FMA changes appropriate to the flight mode. The PNF verifies the condition from the FMA and acknowledges. If the PF does not make the required callout, the PNF should make it. There is no competition to see who can be the first to call these changes; the PNF should allow reasonable time for the PF to call and not pre-empt him with every change. The PF should alert the PNF prior to disconnecting the autopilot.
One of the basic fundamentals of CRM is that each crew member must be able to supplement or act as a back-up for the other crew member. Correct adherence to standard callouts is an essential element of a well-managed flight deck. These callouts provide both crew members with the required information about aircraft systems and confirmation of the other crew member's involvement. The absence of a standard callout at the appropriate time may indicate a system malfunction or the possibility of pilot incapacitation.
　
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