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capabilities available in the commercial sector.
Ground Station Command, Control, and Communications (C3)
As the capabilities of the UA continue to improve; the capability of the command and control (C2)
infrastructure needs to keep pace. There are several key aspects of the off-board C2 infrastructure that are
being addressed: a) man-machine interfaces, b) multi-aircraft C3, and c) target identification, weapons
allocation and weapons release. The location of the C3 system can be on the ground, aboard ship, or
airborne. The functions to be accomplished are independent of the location. UA hold the promise of
reduced operating and support (O&S) costs compared to manned aircraft. There are only small savings
by simply moving the man from the cockpit of a large aircraft to the off board C3 station. Currently, UA
crews can consist of as many functions as sensor system operator, weapons release authority,
communications officer, and a mission commander. All can be separate individuals. Applications to
reduce these functional manpower positions into fewer positions are in its infancy. Improvements in
aircraft autonomy to allow for fewer positions, or more aircraft controlled by the same positions are also
in its infancy. One of the difficult issues being addressed is how the operator interacts with the aircraft:
what information is presented to him during normal operations and what additional information is
presented if an emergency occurs. Advanced interfaces are being explored in the DARPA UCAV
programs. To date, the C3 stations being developed are aimed more at the test environment than the
operational environment. The advanced interfaces take advantage of force feedback and aural cues to
provide additional situational awareness to the system operators. Improvements should focus in the
following areas:
􀂾 Evolving functions of the UA. The UA must improve to higher levels of autonomy and the human to
higher levels of management. This would migrate operational responsibility for tasks from the
ground station to the aircraft, the aircraft gaining greater autonomy and authority, the humans moving
from operators to supervisors, increasing their span of control while decreasing the manpower
requirements to operate the UA.
􀂾 Downsizing ground equipment. The control elements and functions of the early 1990s ground station
equipment can now be accommodated into laptops. This trend will continue with miniaturization of
processing and memory storage devices. Consolidation of capabilities into smaller packages reduces
production costs, logistics footprint and sustainment support costs.
􀂾 Assured communication. The joint tactical radio system is expanding to encompass not only voice
communications, but data links also. UA programs must assess their transition to the JTRS standard
as technology becomes available through JTRS Cluster improvements. Since UA will become netcentric
devices, UA programs must assess their vulnerabilities to network attack and provide
appropriate levels of protection.
􀂾 Displays. As the human interfaces with the UA at higher levels, the human must trust the UA to do
more. To develop and keep that trust, the human must be able to determine the intent of the UA.
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX D – TECHNOLOGIES
Page D-9
Displays that show intent, as well as the algorithms which develop the intent, must be matured.
Currently ground-breaking work in this area is being undertaken by J-UCAS and AFRL; work needs
to be accomplished to migrate this technology to smaller and less expensive systems. These displays
must also show the operator what is going on at a glance, and must fit into the lightweight system
requirements as outlined above. Additionally, significant work has been accomplished to improve
man-machine interfaces in non-UA programs and these improvements (such as tactile stimulation to
improve situational awareness) need to be investigated as part of the UA C3 and ground control
processes.
􀂾 Voice Control. One area that might not be receiving the attention it deserves is the capability to voice
command the UA. Voice recognition technology has been around for years, but only recently has
algorithm and hardware advances made it practical for small and critical applications. DoD Science
and Technology (S&T) organizations continue to research and develop this technology. DoD
programs can also begin taking advantage of developments in the commercial sector to have the
operator interface with a UA via voice. Now is the time to harvest that research and apply it to
reducing the complexity of command and control interfaces to small UA.
􀂾 Multi-Vehicle Control. Advancing the state of the art in all of the areas discussed above allow a
　
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