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NVESD is developing the daytime Compact Army Spectral Sensor (COMPASS) and the day/night
Hyperspectral Longwave Imager for the Tactical Environment (HyLITE) specifically for UA platforms at
the brigade and division level.
The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) developed the WAR HORSE visible/near-infrared hyperspectral
sensor system, which has been demonstrated on the Predator UA. More recently NRL had developed a
complementary short-wave-infrared hyperspectral sensor and has demonstrated the sensor on a UA
surrogate platform (Twin Otter).
Other short- and long-wave infrared hyperspectral sensors are currently under development to provide a
high-altitude stand-off capability for larger manned and unmanned platforms. DoD believes that
hyperspectral imagery offers enormous promise.
HSI phenomenology/ground truth. The primary difficulty holding MSI/HSI sensors back from
widespread employment is the lack of/fragility of the spectral signatures available to identify
targets/phenomenology over a broad range of environmental and operational options. While there have
been very successful demonstrations illustrating the wide ranging potential of the technology, many of
these demonstrations relied on employment under specific illumination conditions (i.e., fly at nearly the
same time each day, restrictions on cloud cover) and often required nadir operations to ensure uniform
pixel shape although TALON RADIANCE has demonstrated off-nadir operation. Deviation from these
constraints has historically resulted in unacceptable false alarm rates for target detection applications. To
achieve even the results obtained to date, substantial on-board processing or a large data transfer
capability to the ground processing element is necessary.
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX B – SENSORS
Page B-4
Civil and commercial work with multi- and hyperspectral imagery has built a phenomenology library that
will greatly simplify introduction of these sensors onto manned and unmanned aircraft. Some data
already exists in open or commercial venues to build characterization databases in anticipation of the
sensors coming online over the next decade. To realize the benefits of hyperspectral imaging, DoD
encourages the Services to characterize areas of interest with a view toward optimizing spectral band
selection of dedicated military sensors. This will allow the development community to take advantage of
recent advances in on-board processing capabilities and use products available now and in the near future.
In a similar fashion, emphasis on developing signature processing systems, which take into account
environmental (illumination) issues as well as non-uniform pixel size should also be investigated. This
intelligence product represents an area in which characterization and processing of the data will be
significantly more challenging that just building and operating the sensor.
SAR enhancements. SAR improvements are changing the nature of the product from simply an image or
an MTI map to more detailed information on a target vehicle or battlefield. Current SAR systems can
perform limited coherent change detection (CCD) showing precise changes in a terrain scene between
images. Use of phase data can improve resolution without requiring upgrades to the SAR transmitter or
antenna, through data manipulation with advanced algorithms. These and other advanced SAR
techniques require access to the full video phase history data stream and are often very processing
intensive. As processor capability continues to grow exponentially (Moore’s Law), many of these
capabilities will be automatically available on-board the sensor (such as Lynx’s generation of CCD
images); however, others will continue to require processing power or classified techniques that exceed
the capacity of our current on-board systems. To take full advantage of these techniques, UA must plan
for communications architectures capable of moving the required amount of data to the network for
distribution and processing (see Appendix C). While modern intelligence collection places a premium on
real-time data availability, on-board mass storage of data could at least allow post-mission application of
advanced data handling procedures requiring full phase history information.
The Multi-Platform Radar Technology Insertion Program (MP-RTIP) should result in a more capable
SAR active electronically steered antenna (AESA) within this decade. Larger UA, such as Global Hawk
for the Air Force and potentially for the Navy’s Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS) role, are one
intended recipient of this technology. AESA permits mission expansion into an air surveillance role, as
air-to-air operation is easily accomplished using AESA technology. In a similar fashion, maritime modes
　
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