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airworthiness or pilot certification (similar to Part 103 aircraft) for certain uses and limited operations.
These aircraft achieve an equivalent level of safety to certificated aircraft with a slightly lower level of
reliability. There are also many restricted category aircraft that perform special purpose operations. A
number of U.S. military UA (U.S. Navy's Pioneer, U.S. Army's Shadow and Hunter) share similar
characteristics and performance. This plan calls for these UA (Cat II) to be treated similarly to ultralights,
light-sport, or restricted category aircraft.
As a final case with application to UA, the FAA has chosen not to explicitly regulate certain other
aircraft, such as model rockets, fireworks, and radio-controlled (RC) model aircraft. 14 CFR Part 101
specifically exempts smaller balloons, rockets and kites from the regulation and AC 91-57 addresses RC
model airplanes, but is advisory only. These systems are omitted from the regulations. All three U.S.
Military Departments currently employ UA in the same size, weight, and performance regimes as those of
RC models (e.g., Pointer/Raven for the Army and Air Force, and Dragon Eye for the Marine Corps). This
plan calls for small UA similar to RC model aircraft (and operated similarly) (UA (Cat I )) to be treated
similarly to RC model aircraft. This discussion provides divisions, based on the existing regulatory FAA
infrastructure, into which all current military UA can be placed. This is depicted with example UA types
in Table F-1.
TABLE F-1. ALIGNMENT OF UA CATEGORIES WITH FAA REGULATIONS.
Certified Aircraft / UA
(Cat III )2
Non-Standard Aircraft /
UA (Cat II)
RC Model Aircraft /
UA (Cat I)
FAA Regulation 14 CFR 91 14 CFR 91, 101, and
103 None (AC 91-57)
Airspace Usage All Class E, G, &
non-joint-use Class D
Class G
(<1200 ft AGL)
Airspeed Limit, KIAS None NTE 250 (proposed) 100 (proposed)
Manned Ai Example Types rliners Light-Sport None
Unmanned Predator, Global Hawk Pioneer, Shadow Dragon Eye, Raven
The terms within Table F-1 are further defined below.
􀂾 UA – Cat III: capable of flying throughout all categories of airspace and conforms to Part 91. (i.e., all
the things a regulated manned aircraft must do including the ability to S&A). Airworthiness and
operator certification are required. UA are generally built for beyond line-of-sight operations.
Examples: Global Hawk, Predator
􀂾 UA – Cat II: non-standard aircraft that perform special purpose operations. Operators must provide
evidence of airworthiness and operator qualification. Cat II UA may perform routine operations
within a specific set of restrictions. Examples: Pioneer, Shadow
􀂾 UA – Cat I: analogous to RC models as covered in AC 91-57. Operators must provide evidence of
airworthiness and operator qualification. Small UA are generally limited to visual line-of-sight
operations. Examples: Pointer, Dragon Eye
It is important to note that the FAA uses the term “category” in two different ways (14 CFR 1). As used
with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, the term “category” means
a broad classification of aircraft. Examples include airplane, rotorcraft, glider, and lighter-than-air. As
used with respect to the certification of aircraft, the term “category” means a grouping of aircraft based
upon intended use or operating limitations. Examples include transport, normal, utility, acrobatic,
2 Some Cat III may only be certified to operate under VFR.
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX F – AIRSPACE
Page F-6
limited, restricted, and provisional. When discussing right-of-way rules in 14 CFR 91.113, however, the
FAA uses non-mutually exclusive categories such as balloon, glider, airship, airplane, rotorcraft, and
engine-driven aircraft for determining which flight has the right-of-way. 14 CFR 103 requires ultralights
to yield the right-of-way to all other manned aircraft. Similarly, the FAA provides avoidance (right-ofway)
advice for RC model aircraft in an Advisory Circular.
It is envisioned, then, that UA could be assigned their own category in order to facilitate the development
of regulations for air operations, airworthiness, operator certification, and right-of-way rules. The UA
category may be exclusive of certain UA in the same way that model airplanes are omitted from current
regulations; and some UA may be regulated separately, as ultralights, light-sport, or restricted category
aircraft are currently.
In addition to regulatory changes necessary for routine operation of military UA in civil airspace, changes
to several other documents, such as Advisory Circulars and FAA Order 7610.4K (Special Military
　
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