曝光臺 注意防騙 網曝天貓店富美金盛家居專營店坑蒙拐騙欺詐消費者

maxima up to about 9 gm-3 in the most
wet tropical atmosphere
How high can TWC get ?
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
T/Td (C)
Solid: 32/24
dashed: 32/29
Altitude (ft)
LWC (gm-3 and gkg-1)
black: gm-3
red: gkg-1
T/Td (C)
Solid: 32/24
dashed: 32/29
Altitude (ft)
Temperature (C)
Canada
15
What does the EHWG recommend?
• An interim “Appendix D” certification envelope based on the RAE data and
adiabatic calculations of TWC
•A Technical Plan with the following Tasks:
• Task 1. Instrumentation development and evaluation for high ice water
content
•Task 2. Flight test research for characterization of high ice water content
environments.
•Task 3. Experimental testing in support of ice accretion model
development and validation for high ice water content environments.
•Task 4. Test Facilities Requirements for demonstrating engine
compliance with Appendix-D
Canada
16
ARMP is taking the lead in this activity
• Wind tunnel testing to identify best equipment for the
hostile thunderstorm anvil environment (Cox and Co.
tunnel, NYC ; NRC M7 icing tunnel Ottawa)
•Development of a new isokinetic device to measure
TWC up to 10 gm-3 at 200 ms-1
• Funding from FAA for this purpose
Canada
TASK 1: Instrumentation development
17
NASA is taking the lead in this activity, partnering
with ARMP
• A newly acquired NASA S-3 aircraft will be instrumented
for cloud measurements
•The S-3 aircraft will be flown in deep tropical convection
to get statistics on the levels of Total Water Content and
particle characteristic size
Canada
TASK 2: Characterization of the
environment
18
TASK 2: Characterization of the
environment – type of data required
Canada
0.1 1 10 100 1000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
EHWG Calculations of TWC reduction with Distance
McNaughtan Data Set [1]
McNaughtan TWC, all sites 99.9%; EHWG recalculation
McNaughtan TWC. all sites 99%; EHWG recalculation
Table A-1 TWC guidelines (0 to -20 C)
Total or Ice Water Content (gm-3)
Distance Scale (smi)
1 10 100 1000 10000
Diameter ( m)
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
1E-2
1E-1
Mass (gm / m)
BAE/ALLIED FLIGHT 850,
16 June 1997, 22:40:00-23:27:26
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Cumulative mass fraction
-3 μ μ
FSSP
Interpolated Bin
2DC
50% cumulative mass
STATISTICS ON TWC
VERSUS DISTANCE
PARTICLE SPECTRA AND
MEDIAN MASS DIAMETER IN
HIGH TWC SITUATIONS
19
Proposed airborne project
• out of Darwin,
Australia in Jan-Mar
2010
•partner with NASA
and Australian Bureau
of Meteorology
•May entrain other
international groups
• first modern airborne
measurements of this
type into cores of deep
tropical convection
Canada
20
Cloud-Type Sampling Strategy
Proposal:
􀂄 ~75% oceanic convection (incl. ~2 tropical storms), ~25%
continental
􀂄 Oceanic convection flights:
􀂄 monsoon oceanic convection or tropical storms
􀂄 Perform a major fraction within CPOL coverage and/or dualdoppler
region (e.g. 75%), and the rest (e.g. 25%) more
remote from coast.
􀂄 Continental convection flights:
􀂄 do between monsoon periods,
􀂄 may not get directly into cores due to safety
Canada
21
Concept of S-3 Instrumentation Layout
CVI Probe
LWC/TWC
Probes Boom
2DG-P Probe 2DS Probe
Ice Detectors
FSSP & OAP
2DG-C Probes
Winds & Gust Probe
PDPA Probe
Canada
22
Cloud Particle Probes on NRC
Convair-580
Canada
CPI Pristine Ice
CPI Small droplets Under-wing particle probes
CPI Facetted Ice
Standard PMS 2D Imagery
800 um
6400 um
CPI data courtesy of Alexei Korolev
23
Concept of S-3 Instrumentation Layout
(cntd)
Upward Looking Ka Band Radar
Downward Looking Ka Band Radar
Extinction Probe
Canada
24
End of Presentation
Canada
Thank You.
PwC Compensation Survey 2008
　
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