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Emissions from military aircraft used domestically are to be reported in an “other” category (IA5). This category
is not transparent in the current reporting guidelines. These emissions are, however, to be reported if data are
available. Emissions from military aircraft used internationally shall, in principle, be included in the separate
aircraft bunker item discussed above.
3 .2 Documentation
It is particularly important to document the origin of the fuel use data and explain how the split between national
and international aviation has been made.
The number of LTOs (preferably separately for domestic and international) is useful for documentation of
verification of reported data. Use of other emission factors than default should be explained.
3 .3 Confidential business informati o n
Confidentiality may be a problem for reporting if there are less than three airline companies operating domestic
traffic in the country or if one airline company is dominating the market. This may be the case in some countries.
Background Paper
102 Energy Sector
4 INVENTORY QUALITY
4 .1 Internal inventory QA/QC systems
There are some options for internal checking of data, viz:
• As the guidelines provide a Tiered methodology, more Tiers may be used for cross-checking the output;
• The country must ensure that the fuel reported for domestic aviation and bunkers sums up to the total fuel
sold for aviation in the country, and
• The number of passenger kilometres travelled is known in most countries. The ratio between fuel used for
domestic aviation and the passenger kilometres travelled shows the fuel used per passenger kilometres
travelled. This figure may be compared with similar ratios for other countries. Emission estimates may also
be compared in the same manner.
4 .2 External inventory QA/QC systems
Some of the options suggested for internal QA (quality assurance)/QC (quality control) are also suitable for
external QA/QC.
Additional options are:
• Checking reported emission data against output from large scale aircraft inventories (e.g. ANCAT/EC,
AERONOX, NASA), and
• Checking total fuel data against data from IEA (International Energy Agency) energy statistics.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The current tiered methodologies in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Reference Manual provide a good framework for good practice for estimating and reporting the emissions from
aviation. The main difficulty and uncertainty, lies in the distribution of fuel between domestic and international
use. Relevant activity statistics is often not directly available. This makes CO2 emission estimates from domestic
aviation quite uncertain in many countries. Emissions of nitrous oxide and methane from aviation are highly
uncertain due to little knowledge of magnitude of emission factors, but do not contribute much to national totals.
REFERENCES
AERONOX (1995): Ed. U Schumann. The impact of NOx emissions from aircraft upon the atmosphere at flight
altitudes 8-15 km. Final report to the Commission of European Communities. ISBN 92 826 8281 1.
ANCAT/EC2 (1998): Global Aircraft Emission Inventories for 1991/1992 and 2015. Report by the
ECAC/ANCAT and EC working group. Ed. R Gardener. ISBN 92-828-2914-6, 1998.
FCCC/SBSTA/1998/7 Methodological issues. Methodological issues identified while processing second national
communications: Summary of issues and related options. Note by the secretariat.
ICAO (1993): International Standards and Recommended Practices, Environmental Protection Annex 16,
Volume II Aircraft Engine Emissions (second ed.) ICAO, 1993.
ICAO (1995): Engine exhaust emissions databank. First edition. Doc 9646-AN/943.
IPPC (1990): IPCC First Assessment Report. Volume III: WG III Formulation of Response Option Strategies.
NASA (1996): Baughcun S. et al. Scheduled Aircraft Emission Inventories for 1992. Database development and
analysis, NASA contract report no 4700, NASA Langley Research Centre.
Olivier, J.G.J. (1991): Inventory of Aircraft Emissions: A Review of Recent Literature. National Institute of
Public Health and Environmental Protection, Report no. 736 301 008, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
EEA (2000): UNECE/EMEP/EEA The emission inventory Guidebook. Snap codes 080501-04 Air traffic.
2000-01-3023
Lockbolt Qualification Testing for Wing Panel Assemblies
Samuel O. Smith
Electroimpact, Inc., Mukilteo, WA
Gary Potticary, Gareth Lewis
Airbus UK Limited, Filton, UK
Copyright © 2000 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
ABSTRACT
This paper gives an outline of testing carried out in
conjunction with Electroimpact to support the introduction
of the A319/A320/A321 and A340-500/600 Panel
　
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