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June 2007
Research Criterion
􀀴 Validity
􀂃 Face Validity
􀂃 Content Validity
􀂾 The variable(s) being sampled must be part of a
domain, such as a body of knowledge or a set of
behaviors
– Performance of a specific task (optometrists testing for
glaucoma, etc.)
– Achievement tests to measure the knowledge
􀂾 Must include various facets of the performer’s
(subject’s) performance, rather than just one facet.
􀂃 Construct Validity
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Research Criterion
􀀴 Validity
􀂃 Face Validity
􀂃 Content Validity
􀂃 Construct Validity
􀂾 Does the measure really measure the “construct”
being studied?
􀂾 Is the experiment really looking at the underlying
issues/problems of interest?
􀂾 Is the right question being asked?
􀂾 Construct validity is based on a judgmental
assessment of an accumulation of empirical
evidence regarding the measurement of the
variable in question.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Research Criterion
􀀴 Sensitivity
􀂃 Criterion should be measured in units that are
commensurate with the anticipated differences
that one expects to find among subjects.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Research Criterion
􀀴 Sensitivity
􀂃 How gross or fine should the scale be? How to
decide?
􀂾Sample size
􀂾 Differences in applicability
– Would a finer scale make the data significantly more/less
comprehensible and/or useful?
􀂾A finer scale is not always physically or
technologically possible
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Effect of Human Reliability
􀀴 Human reliability is the inverse of the fact that
being human involves errors.
􀀴 As a methodology, this is a method for collecting
and then analyzing quantitative data to predict
the likelihood of human error.
􀂃 Theoretically, this involves discussion and
explanations of how the errors are introduced and
produced.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Effect of Human Reliability
􀀴 As a measure, human reliability is simply the
probability of successful performance of a task
by a human.
􀂃 Same as systems reliability – where humans are
the element of the system being studied.
􀀴 The measure is expressed as a probability of a
successful outcome.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
3. Examples of research
􀀴 Research for design of product and system
􀂃 Computer desk
􀂃 Cockpit design
􀂃 The Amsterdam Tram
􀀴 Improving safety and efficiency in operating system
(human errors management)
􀂃 HFACS
June 2007
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
Porter, Gyi and Robertson (1992)
Tilting computer desk
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Problem with existing desks
􀀴 A need to improve working posture
􀀴 Desks not deep enough
􀀴 Computer screen too low
􀀴 Viewing distance too short
􀀴 Lack of adjustability
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Methodology
􀀴 Literature
􀀴 2 hour experiment
􀀴 16 subjects
􀀴 Anthropometric data
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Methodology
􀀴 Posture data
􀀴 Discomfort data
􀀴 Design feature checklist
􀀴 Performance
􀀴 Mood checklist
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Body part discomfort map
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Results
􀀴 The prototype design encouraged a better
posture (confirmed by the literature)
􀀴 Less reported discomfort in the neck, buttocks,
wrists and hands
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
　
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