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􀂾 Hits
􀂾 False alarm (Type I error)
􀂾 Miss (Type II error)
􀂾 Correct rejection
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Perception (3)
􀀴 Concept of response criterion
􀂃 A point on the hypothetical continuum as the
basis upon which a person makes a decision.
􀂃 Beta: signal to noise ratio
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Perception (5)
􀀴Influencing the response criterion.
􀀴Sensitivity(d’)
􀂃 Separation of signal and signal-plus-noise
distributions measured in standard deviations.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Memory
􀀴Sensory storage
􀂃 Definition : temporary storage mechanism that
prolongs the stimulus representation for a
short time after they have been removed.
􀂃 Do not need attention.
􀂃 Visual system: iconic storage, < 1 second
􀂃 Auditory system: echoic storage, last few
seconds
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Memory (2)
􀀴Working memory (short term memory)
􀂃 The mechanism to store encoded and transferred
information from sensory storage, need direct attention.
􀂃 The only way to keep information in working memory is
by rehearsal.
􀂃 Three types: visual, phonetic, semantic
􀂃 Capacity of working memory: 7 ± 2 chunks
􀂃 Searching working memory
􀂾 The time to search through a set of memorized items
is a linear function of the item number.
􀂾 Search time = (time to perceive) + (time to encode) +
(38 ms per item searching time) + (response time)
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Memory (3)
􀀴Long term memory
􀂃 The mechanism to store semantically encoded
information.
􀂃 To recall more information, it must be
analyzed, compared, and related to old
knowledge.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Attention
􀀴 Selective attention
􀂃 Scan through several channels to perform a
single task.
􀀴 Focused attention
􀂃 To maintain attention on one channel of
information and not to be distracted by other
channels of information.
􀀴 Divided attention
􀂃 Separate attention to more than one task.
􀀴 Sustained attention
􀂃 To maintain attention and keep alert for a
prolonged period of time.
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Attention (2)
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Attention (3)
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Attention (4)
􀀴 Cognitive resource model: A limited quantity of
mental resources is available for performing tasks.
􀂃 Single resource model
􀂃 Multiple resource model
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Mental workload
􀀴 Concept of mental workload
􀂃 A logical extension of the resource models of divided
attention.
􀀴 Measurement of mental workload
􀂃 Four broad categories
􀂾 Primary task measures: Workload = Time required /
Time available
􀂾 Secondary task measures
– Basic idea: measuring spare cognitive capacity/resource
􀂾 Physiological measures
– Pupillary response, P300
􀂾 Subjective measure Cooper
– Harper scale, SWAT (Subjective Workload Assessment
Technique) , NASA-TLX (NASA Task Load Index)
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Mental workload (2)
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Why and How Do People Have Errors
Human capacity’s limitation
a) Anthropometry
b) Auditory, Tactual, and Olfactory Displays
c) Visual
d) Process information
e) Make decision
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
A project supported by AIRBUS and the CAAC
June 2007
Decision making
􀀴 Evaluate alternatives and select a course of action.
􀀴 Problem solving skill
􀂃 Fact-based thinking
􀂃 Rule-based thinking
　
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